Perio Tems Ch. 2

a branch of anatomy concerned with the study of the microscopic structures of tissue

is a group of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism.

are the smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently.

is a meshlike material that surrounds the cells. It is like scaffolding for the cells. This material helps to hold cells together and provides a framework within which cells can migrate and interact with one another.

is the tissue that makes up the outer surface of the body (skin) and lines the body cavities such as the mouth, stomach, and intes-tines (mucosa).

a type of epithelium that is composed of fl at cells arranged in several layers.

The extracellular matrix component of epithelial tissue is small, consisting mainly of a thin mat called the basal lamina, which underlies the epithelium.

the process by which epithelial cells on the surface of the skin become stronger and waterproof.

have no nuclei and form a tough, resistant layer on the surface of the skin.

have nuclei and act as a cushion against mechanical stress and wear. Nonkeratinized epithelial cells are softer and more flexible. Nonkeratinized epithelium is found in areas such as the mucosal lining of the cheeks—permitting the mobility needed to speak, chew, and make facial expressions.

fills the spaces between the tissues and organs in the body. It supports and binds other tissues. Connective tissue consists of cells separated by abundant extracellular substance.

The epithelial–connective tissue interface is the boundary where the epithelial and connective tissues meet.

deep extensions of epithelium that reach down into the connective tissue. The epithelial ridges are also known as rete pegs.

fingerlike extensions of connective tissue that extend up into the epithelium

are cellular structures that mechanically attach a cell and its cytoskeleton to its neighboring cells or to the basal lamina. Cell junctions bind cells together so that they can function as a strong structural unit. Tissues, such as the epithelium of the skin that must withstand severe mechanical stresses, have the most abundant number of cell junctions.

a specialized cell junction that connects two neighboring epithelial cells and their cytoskeletons together. You might think of desmosomes as being like the snaps used to close a denim jacket. Instead of fastening the front of a jacket together, desmosomes fasten cells together. A cell-to-cell connection, An important form of cell junction found in the gingival epithelium.

a specialized cell junction that connects the epithelial cells to the basal lamina. A cell-to-basal lamina connection. An important form of cell junction found in the gingival epithelium.

is a specialized stratified squamous epithelium that functions well in the wet environment of the oral cavity. The microscopic anatomy of the gingival epithelium is similar to the epithelium of the skin. The gingival epithelium may be differentiated into three anatomical areas

epithelium that faces the oral cavity. May be keratinized or parakeratinized.

epithelium that faces the tooth surface without being in contact with the tooth surface.

epithelium that attaches the gingiva to the tooth.

a thin mat of extracellular matrix between the epithelial cells of the junctional epithelium and the tooth surface.

a thin mat of extracellular matrix between the epithelial cells of the junctional epithelium and the gingival connective tissue.

(gingival fibers) are a network of ropelike collagen fiber bundles in the gingival connective tissue. These fibers are located coronal to (above) the crest of the alveolar bone.

the JE and gingival fibers together

extend from the periosteum of the alveolar crest into the gingival connective tissue. These fiber bundles attach the gingiva to the bone. (The periosteum is a dense membrane composed of

fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps the outer surface of the alveolar bone.)

encircle the tooth in a ringlike manner coronal to the alveolar crest and are not attached to the cementum of the tooth. These fiber bundles connect adjacent teeth to one another.

embedded in the cementum near the CEJ and fan out into the gingival connective tissue. These fibers act to attach the gingiva to the teeth.

extend laterally from the periosteum of the alveolar bone. These fibers attach the gingiva to the bone

extend in a mesiodistal direction along the entire dental arch and around the last molars in the arch. These fiber bundles link adjacent teeth into a dental arch unit

encircle several teeth. These fiber groups link adjacent teeth into a dental arch unit.

are located in the papillae coronal to (above) the transseptal fiber bundles. These fiber groups connect the oral and vestibular interdental papillae of posterior teeth.

extend from the cementum near the CEJ and run horizontally between adjacent teeth. These fiber bundles link adjacent teeth into a dental arch unit.

pass from the cementum of one tooth, over the crest of alveolar bone, to the cementum of the adjacent tooth. These fiber bundles connect adjacent teeth to one another and secure alignment of teeth in the arch.

a specialized connective tissue that surrounds the root of the tooth and connects it with the alveolar bone. These fibers are the largest component of the periodontal ligament.

The ends of the periodontal ligament fibers that are embedded in the cementum and alveolar bone

Overlap—in 60% of all cases, the cementum overlaps the enamel for a short distance.

Meet—in 30% of all cases, the cementum meets the enamel.

Gap—in 10% of all cases, there is a small gap between the cementum and the enamel (exposing the dentin in this area). The patient may experience discom-fort (dentinal sensitivity) during instrumentation. The use of local anesthesia may be helpful during instrumentation, and desensitization of sensitive areas should be performed following instrumentation.