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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the smooth muscle layer in the digestive system?
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mixing and propulsion |
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Which organ does ingestion?
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the mouth |
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What do the villi do in the small intestine?
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increase the surface area for food absorption and add digestive secretions |
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What are the functions of saliva?
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cleanse the mouth, dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted, moistens food and aids in compaction food into a bolus, contains enzymes that begin chemical breakdown of starch |
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What is the emulsification of dietary fats?
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the breakdown into a suspension of small lipid globules, |
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Which accessory organ produces the fluid to emulsify fats?
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liver |
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Which organ stores the fluid? |
gallbladder
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What is the fluid called?
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bile |
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What is found in the lamina propria of the gut? |
areolar connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels |
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What is the function and location of the submucosa? |
binds the mucosa to the muscularis; GI tract |
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The serosa secretes a serous fluid. What is the function of the serous fluid?
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lubricate and reduce friction |
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What is MALT, where is it found, what does it do?
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GI tract (tonsils, small intestine, appendix and large intestine. protect against disease |
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Where is the myenteric plexus found?
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between the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis |
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Why do emotions such as anger or fear slow digestion?
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they stimulate the sympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract |
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What is the greater omentum? |
the portion of the peritoneum that drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine |
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What is the lesser omentum?
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the double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the hepatogastric ligament and the part of the duodenum. |
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Where is the falciform ligament, and what does it do?
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liver; attaches the liver to the anterior (ventral) body wall |
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Where are periodontal ligaments found?
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sockets of teeth |
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What structures in the stomach allow for greater distention of the stomach for food storage?
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rugae |
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In the stomach, what do the parietal cells do? What do the chief cells do?
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secrete gastric acid; secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase |
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The pancreatic duct carries a fluid rich in bicarbonate ions. What do the bicarbonate ions do?
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raise the pH of material entering the small intestine from the stomach |
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What are the pancreatic enzymes, and what do they digest?
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enzymes to break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates (digestion); starch |
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What is the principle bile pigment?
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bilirubin |
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The paneth cells of the small intestine secrete lysozyme. What does lysozyme do?
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digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria |
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Where are Brunner’s glands located, and what do they secrete?
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duodenum; intestinal juice (alkaline mucus)
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How does the hormone secretin counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine?
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stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile that are rich in bicarbonate ions; inhibits secretion of gastric juice, promotes normal growth and maintenance of pancreas, enhances effects of CCK |
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What is the effect of HCL on proteins in the stomach? |
(unfolds) proteins in food and stimulated the secretion of of hormones that promote the flow of bile and pancreatic juice |
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What does the pyloric sphincter do? |
a thickened ring of smooth muscle through which the pylorus of the stomach communicates with the duodenum |
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What does the ileocecal sphincter do?
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a fold of mucous membrane that guards the opening from the ileum into the large intestine. |
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What is catabolism? |
chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones |
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What is anabolism? |
chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form the body's complex structural and functional components |
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What does ATP become when the terminal phosphate is cut off? |
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) |
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With respect to electrons, what are oxidation and reduction? |
oxidation- removal of electrons from atom or molecule; reduction- adds electrons to atom or molecule |
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What are functions of the kidney? |
extract waste from blood, balance body fluids, form urine (does major work of urinary system) |
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The renal capsule is continuous with what part of the ureter? |
outer coat |
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What is urinalysis? |
analysis of urine by physical, chemical, and microscopical means to test for presence of disease, drugs, etc. |
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What percentage of the total volume of urine is water? |
95% |
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What does plasma creatinine test do? |
measures levels of creatine in blood (to see how well kidneys are working) |
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What do the ureters and urethra do? |
ureters run from kidneys to bladder; urethra runs from bladder to the exit |
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What is the normal pH range of urine in humans? |
7.0 |
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In reference to heat transfer, what are conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation? |
conduction-heat exchange that occurs between molecules of two materials that are in direct contact with each other convection- transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid between areas of different temperatures radiation- transfer of heat in the form of infrared rays between a warmer object and a cooler one without physical contact evaporation- the conversion of a liquid to a vapor |
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How does relative humidity affect evaporation? |
it affects the rate (example: higher relative humidity, lower rate of evaporation) |
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Which vitamins are fat soluble, and which are water soluble? |
fat- A, D, E, K (absorbed in small intestine) water- B, C (dissolve in body fluids) |
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What do antioxidant vitamins do? |
inactivate oxygen free radicals |
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What do filtration, re-absorption, and secretion mean? |
filtration- action or process of filtering something
re-absorption- being absorbed again secretion- process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function |
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What percentage of filtered water is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules? |
65% |
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How does angiotensin II affect the kidneys? |
potent vasoconstrictor that narrows both afferent and efferent arterioles and reduces renal blood flow, decreasing GFR |
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What are lipogenesis, glycogenesis, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis? |
lipogenesis- process by which acetyl-CoA is converted to fatty acids glycogenesis- the formation of glycogen from sugar glycolysis- the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate glycogenolysis- the biochemical breakdown of glycogen to glucose whereas glycogenesis is the opposite gluconeogenesis- a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates |
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What are the products produced when acetyl CoA is oxidized in the Krebs cycle? |
2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 |
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What are the four major steps of catabolism? |
glycolysis, acetyl enzyme formation, krebs cycle, electron transport train |
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How many reactions take place in the Krebs cycle? |
8 |
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How many ATPs can come from substrate level phosphorylation during glycolysis? |
2 |
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What hormone stimulates glycogenesis, and which stimulates gluconeogenesis? |
insulin; thyroid |
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Do thyroid hormones promote or inhibit glycolysis? |
promote |
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What do chylomicrons do? |
transport dietary lipids |
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Where do glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain take place? |
cytosol; mitochondria |
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What happens to excess amino acids in the body? |
broken down in liver to form urea; excreted by kidneys in urine |
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Into what nontoxic compound do liver cells convert ammonia for excretion through the kidneys? |
urea |
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In the absorptive state, most glucose that enters the liver is stored as what? |
glycogen |
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What happens to stored fats in the postabsorptive state? |
glycerol |
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Why is food "Calorie" spelled with capital C? |
it is the measurement for food |
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Which structure of the nephron absorbs the most water? |
proximal convoluted tubules |
