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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
According to Cognitive Psychologists, what is at the CORE of personality?
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Perception and cognition.
How we see things and come to think of things influences our personalities. |
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What is at the root of cognitive approaches?
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Darwin's law of evolution which showed the brain as influential to our behavior.
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What is at the root of cognitive approaches?
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Darwin's law of evolution which showed the brain as influential to our behavior.
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Cognitive theory suggests that our thought process can be changed by what three factors:
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-As an individual develops
-Situational circumstances -by our culture |
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WHAT IS THE CENTRAL TENET of GESTALT theory?
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HUMAN BEINGS SEEK MEANING IN THEIR ENVIRONMENTS.
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What do Gestaltists believe of complex stimuli?
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We take in complex sensations into a individually meaningful perception THAT IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS.
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GESTALT THEORY CENTERS AROUND
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CONTEXT!
a person's perception is everything. |
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Who was the father of social psychology and why are we studying him?
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Kurt Lewin for his Field Theory
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What is Lewin's "Life-space":
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the idea that all internal and external forces act on an individual and our retaliation to these forces is our outward behavior.
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What is lewin's definition of personality?
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Contemporaneous causation- momentary condition of the individual (VERY FLUID)
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What is Lewin's field dependence?
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The extent to which an individual is influenced by context.
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How is field dependence measured?
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Rod and frame test
- do you turn the rod to make it parallel or do you turn the whole frame including the rod. |
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What are the results of the rod-frame test? Why are they important?
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Field-dependent vs independent
The results are reliable and consistent throughout lifetime. Predicts many INTERPERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS. |
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What INTERPERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS does the result of rod-field test predict?
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Children's play preferences
Socialization patterns Career choices Interpersonal distance eye contact |
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What gender differences and culture differences, if any do we see with field rod test results?
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Gender difference: females tend to be more field dependent
Culture differences: Hunter-gatherer societies are more field independent (Eastern cultures= field dependent) |
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Cognitive complexity
-what are the two levels of cognitive complexity |
High cognitive complexity- more comfortable with uncertainty.
Low cognitive complexity- view the world in simple absolute terms. |
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What is the natural shift in cognitive complexity?
-what is the debate associated with cognitive complexity? |
A person usually tends to shift from low cognitive complexity to higher cognitive complexity as their age increases.
Whether or not this is really a personality characteristics since its shift is so predictable. |
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What is categorization and who proposed it?
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Jean Piaget proposed categorization as the tendency to organize our experience by assigning the events, objects, and people we encounter into categories
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What did Jean Piaget mean when he said categorization is omnipresent and automatic?
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It always happens and does not require conscious effort.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of a person's categorizations?
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Advantage:
-makes understanding complex stimuli easier and quicker by comparison to simpler scenarios. Disadvantages: -premature judgements -feeds stereotypes *recall people are more likely to see what they believe. |
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How do we control our attention?
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We notice salient environmental features and combine these with our current goals to decide where to direct or attention
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What is ADHD?
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The inability to switch one's attention from one spatial location to another.
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What two things did Kelly believe about personality?
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-preception of the event is far more important than the event itself.
-present personality NEED NOT BE tied to his/her past. |
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KELLY'S personal construct theory
-aka -focus is on... |
People as scientists
Each of us tries to understand the world in our own ways. We construct our own versions of reality. |
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What is the main goal of KELLY'S personal construct theory?
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To reduce uncertainty.
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According to the theory of personal constructs, what is personality?
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the collection of construct (mini-scientific theories) that allow us to deal with the world.
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How did kelly postulate we create our constructs? then what?
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Kelly believed we are free to create constructs but then we are controlled by them (as some are inflexible)
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What is Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences?
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Everyone has at least seven different intelligences.
we all vary in the amount of each Skills are also included in intelligence. |
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What are the seven intelligences and what do they mean?
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-Language
-logical-mathematical -Spatial represenation -Musical thinking -Bodily-kinesthetic -Understanding the self (intrinsic) -Understanding others (extrinsic) |
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Why does Gardner reject IQ tests?
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he believes they are too narrow for one they do not measure any social intelligence measures.
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What are explanatory types?What are the two types of explanatory types?
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A set of cognitive personality variables which exemplify an individual’s habitual way of interpreting events
Optimism and pessemism |
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What is the result of execessive optimism? What is the result of defensive pessemism?
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excessive optimism may be detrimental to sucess (overlooking or downplaying legitimate problems)
Defensive pessemism- when the chance for failure is high, lowered expectations are adaptive (Self-handicapping) |
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What do we expect on a graph plotting level of arousal vs. test performance?
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As arousal goes up, test performance seems to increase to a point where too much stress actually hinders performance.
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What is attributional style?
-example -what are the two types? -how does attribution style effect future behavior? |
locus of control.
INTERNAL- assigns causality to theindividual EXTERNAL- assigns causality to an outside agent or force. We are more likely to try when we assign an internal attribution style. |
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What is attribution error?
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the tendancy to make internal attributions to our successes and other's failures, while making external attributions for others' successes and our failures.
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Repeated exposure to unavoidable punishment leads an organism to accept later punishment even when it is avoidable.
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learned helplessness
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Which psychologist believed that personality represents an interaction of the individual with his or her environment.
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Julian Rotter
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Rotter suggested a person's behavior is determined by what two factors?
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Outcome expectancy and reinforcement value
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A person's expectation that they will be rewarded for their behavior
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Outcome expectancy
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a VERY PERSONAL expectation of the reinforcement's value
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Reinforcement value
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the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur in a specific situation
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behavior potential
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expecting a certain reward to follow a behavior in a particular situation
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Specific expectancies
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expectancies that are related to a group of situations
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generalized expectancies
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When are each general expectancies and specific expectancies used?
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Generalized expectancies used in new situations.
Specific expectancies used in familiar situations. |
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Who proposed the theory of locus of control?
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JULIAN ROTTER NOT gardner
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what is the healthiest combination of locus of control?
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To have internal locus of control for things for which we can control and have an external locus of control for things which we cannot control.
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What is ALBERT BANDURA's greatest contribution?
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Social modeling- Reinforcement does not influence learning, only performance.
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What study did Bandura perform to study social modeling?
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Bobo doll study- where adults acted aggressively toward a bobo doll in the presence of a child, when the children were alone, they MODELED the adults behavior.
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Bandura's study also confirmed which of Roter's theoris?
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behavior is dependent on outcome expectancy. The children did what they saw because they believed they would be rewarded for emulating the adults.
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What are the factors that influence social modeling?
-outcome expectancy -characteristics of the model -characteristics of the behavior -Attributes of the observer |
outcome expectancy- more likely to intimate behaviors that they believe will lead to positive reinforcements.
Characteristics of the model- age, gender, status, competence and power all effect influence to imitate. Characteristics of the behavior: Simple and salient behaviors are more likely imitated. Attributes of the observer: hisotry of reinforcement, self-esteem, and physical ablity may influence what beahviors are emulated. |
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What is self-efficacy? What is it NOT?
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NOT SELF ESTEEM- which is a more global
A belief abut how competently one will be able to perform a behavior in a PARTICULAR SITUATION! |