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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
retroperitoneal organs |
adrenal glands kidneys bladder ureter rectum |
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retroperitoneal organs are covered by? |
parietal peritoneum |
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dense layer of adipose tissue that acts as cushioning and engulfs renal capsule? |
perirenal fat |
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inner part of the adrenal gland? |
medulla |
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adrenal medulla formed from? |
neural crest cells |
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outer part of adrenal glands? |
cortex |
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adrenal cortex formed from? |
mesoderm |
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layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep? |
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis GFR |
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main glucocorticoid? |
cortisol |
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main androgen? |
androstenedione |
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main mineralocorticoid? |
aldosterone |
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type of innervation to the adrenal gland? |
sympathetic |
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postganglionic cells of ANS derived from? |
neural crest cells |
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how is innervation of the adrenal gland different from other ANS nerves? |
preganglionic neurons synapse directly with cells in adrenal medulla |
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alpha 1, alpha 2, beta adrenergic receptors have which ligands? |
epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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alpha 1 couples to what and produces what effect? |
Gq > phospholipase C > IP3 > increases intracellular Ca2+ > smooth muscle contraction vasoconstriction of coronary arteries and veins decreased GI smooth muscle motility |
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alpha 2 couples to what and produces what effect? |
Gi > decrease in cAMP activity > smooth muscle contraction |
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beta couples to what and produces what effect? |
Gs > adenylate cyclase > increase in cAMP activity > smooth muscle relaxation, heart muscle contraction, glycogenolysis increased HR, CO |
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another prominent glucocorticoid? |
cortisone |
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another androgen? |
DHEA (dehydroepiandro-sterone) |
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HPA axis stands for? |
hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal |
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3 modes of HPA regulation |
rhythm (ACTH peaks in AM) negative feedback by cortisol stress (overrides normal mechanisms) |
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hypothalamic hormone to regulate adrenal system? |
CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) |
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pituitary hormone to regulate adrenal system? |
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) |
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which hormone is under circadian regulation? |
ACTH |
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adrenal precursor? |
cholesterol |
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are there regulatory effects at the level of corticosteroid receptors |
yes |
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cause neurohormones to be secreted from hypothalamic nuclei? |
nerve impulses |
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neurohormones pass through the (?) to the anterior pituitary? |
hypothalamohypophysial portal system |
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neurohormones pass out of the capillaries and bind to the receptors of the? |
pituitary |
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hormones from the (?) are carried in blood to their target tissues? |
anterior pituitary |
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binding of neurohormones to receptors on the pituitary can either (?) or (?) release of hormones? |
stimulate or inhibit |
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ACTH details |
secreted by anterior pituitary 39 aa peptide, N-term 24 for activity admin: no oral, IM half life 20 minutes released by CRH |
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CRH details |
secreted by hypothalamus 41 aa used for diagnosis |
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increases enzyme activities responsible for steroid synthesis? |
ACTH |
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Gs agonist? |
ACTH |
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cosyntropin use |
diagnoses of adrenal problems |
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where in the cortex do glucocorticoids come from? |
zona fasciculata |
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hormone that suppresses the immune system? |
cortisol |
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hormone that inhibits glucose use in cells by stimulating formation of glucose from amino acids (increased blood glucose)? |
cortisol |
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hormone that stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver? |
cortisol |
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hormone that stimulates lipolysis and protein breakdown? |
cortisol |
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passes through plasma membrane into cytoplasm and binds to form a complex? |
cortisol |
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interacts with heat shock protein 90, heat shock protein 70, and protein FKBP52? |
nuclear glucocorticoid receptor |
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activation of GR complex by cortisol binding does what? |
releases heat shock chaperones |
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what does free GR complex do? |
dimerize and translocate into nucleus to activate transcription |
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what does the GR dimer bind to once inside the nucleus? |
binds to GRE |
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first studied nuclear receptor? |
corticosteroid receptors |
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catabolic outside of liver? |
glucocorticoids |
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cause homeostatic increase in insulin secretion? |
glucocorticoids |
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decrease peripheral glucose uptake? |
glucocorticoids |
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cause net fat deposition? |
glucocorticoids |
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net availability of glucose to brain? |
glucocorticoids |
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anti-inflammatory effect? |
glucocorticoids |
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decrease capillary permeability? |
glucocorticoids |
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increase platelets and RBC? |
glucocorticoids |
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increase gastric secretions? |
glucocorticoids |
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excitatory in nervous system? |
glucocorticoids |
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which part of the adrenal cortex do mineralocorticoids come from? |
zona glomerulosa |
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electrolyte balancing hormones? |
mineralocorticoids |
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mineralocorticoid produced in greatest amount? |
aldosterone |
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synthesis stimulated by ACTH, K+ levels in blood, plasma acidosis? |
mineralocorticoids |
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hormone under slightly different regulatory control? |
aldosterone |
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hormone that causes increased urinary and other tissues reabsorption of Na+? |
aldosterone |
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hormone that causes decreased reabsorption of K+ and H+? |
aldosterone |
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mineralcorticoid receptor is a? |
nuclear receptor |
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examples of mineralcorticoid toxicity? |
hypernatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, excess plasma volume, hypertension |
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disease categorized by hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisol? |
Addison's disease |
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autoimmunity, bacterial infection, AIDS attack on adrenal cortex, prolonged treatment with glucocorticoids which suppress pituitary function are the causes for? |
Addison's disease |
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symptoms: weakness, fatigue, weight loss, reduced BP, hypoglycemia treatment: cortisone, fludrocortisone, saline, glucose |
Addison's disease |
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disease categorized by hypersecretion of cortisol and androgens? |
Cushing's syndrome |
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ACTH pituitary adenoma or zona fasciculata tumors and prolonged treatment of glucocorticoids are the causes for? |
Cushing's syndrome |
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symptoms: muscle wasting, accumulation of fat around face and trunk, increased blood glucose treatment: reduction in glucocorticoid therapy, tumor reduction |
Cushing's syndrome |
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severe psychological consequences of exposure to, confrontation with, stressful events that the person experiences of highly traumatic? |
PTSD |
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neurological symptoms? |
PTSD |
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coritsol low, catecholamine secretion high, norepi/cortisol ratio increased in? |
PTSD |
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chronic increased norepi/cortisol ratio generates? |
maladaptive learning pathway to fear response |
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increased sensitivity of HPA axis, strong negative feedback of cortisol in cases of? |
PTSD |
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blood glucose levels indicating diabetes? |
>126 |
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OGTT diabetic glucose? |
>200 mg/dl |
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elevated HbA1c, high BMI, high body fat, waist to hip ratio secondary: high triglycerides, high cholesterol (vLDL) indicative of? |
diabetes |
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type 1 diabetes is? |
autoimmune, IDDM, 5-10% of diabetes |
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type 2 diabetes is? |
insulin resistant, NIDDM, 80-90% of diabetes |
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gestational diabetes can reoccur as? |
type 2 |
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how many people have diabetes? |
8% (23 million) |
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abnormal glucose and fatty acid metabolism in? |
diabetes |
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endocrine pancreas disorder in? |
diabetes |
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insulin resistance in? |
diabetes (specifically type 2) |
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an autoimmune disease (type 1)? |
diabetes |
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beta cell dysfunction in? |
diabetes |
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genetically based disease? |
diabetes |
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rapidly increasing public health problem? |
diabetes |
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retroperitoneal organ located along small intestine and stomach? |
pancreas |
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how is the pancreas and exocrine gland? |
produces pancreatic digestive juices |
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how is the pancreas an endocrine gland? |
consists of pancreatic islets |
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types of cells in pancreas? |
alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells |
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alpha cells secrete? |
glucagon |
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beta cells secrete? |
insulin |
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delta cells secrete? |
somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) |
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autoimmune based islet cell depletion, loss of insulin secretion, genetics show genes linked to immunity (HLA) or blockages in insulin synthesis in? |
type 1 diabetes |
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decrease in blood glucose causes which type of stimulation of pancreas? |
sympathetic |
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increase in blood glucose causes which type of stimulation of pancreas? |
parasympathetic |
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insulin and glucose work in (same or opposite) directions? |
opposite |
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hyper or hypoglycemia causing unconsciousness? |
diabetic coma |
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too much insulin results in? |
insulin shock or reaction |
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emergency treatment for hypoglycemia? |
provide liquid sweets |
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stimulates insulin gene expression in beta cells? |
signal transduction from glucose transporter (GLUT) |
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stimulates glucagon gene expression in alpha cells? |
signal transduction from glucose transporter (GLUT) |
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measured as indicator of new insulin expression because of slower turnover than insulin? |
C protein |
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what can activate RTKs? |
insulin or insulin like growth factor (IGF) |
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insulin binding and signal transduction effect? |
GLUT transporter to cell surface |
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RTK ligand with less metabolic effect? |
IGF |
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where is glycogen store? |
liver |
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long term storage for glucose? |
fat |
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long term, efficient ATP source? |
TCA cycle |
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rapid, inefficient ATP source? |
anaerobic glycolysis |
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glucose metabolism is regulated by? |
insulin and glucagon |
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major anabolic regulator of dietary glucose disposition, director of fatty acid and amino acid metabolism? |
insulin |
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catabolic for glycogen and fatty acids to produce more glucose in glycolytic pathways? |
glucagon |
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drug targets for treatment of several metabolic disorders and nervous system diseases? |
class B GPCRs |
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regulators that act in opposite direction of insulin? |
cortisol/epi |
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activates glycogen synthetase |
insulin |
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what are insulin sensitizers, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, secretagogues (block K+ channels), RHIs? |
drug therapies for diabetes |
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obese BMI? |
>30 |
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one of the largest endocrine glands? vascular? |
thyroid gland, highly vascular |
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only gland in the body that stores hormones? |
thyroid |
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composed of two lobes connected by narrow isthmus, lateral and anterior to trachea, just inferior to the larynx? |
thyroid |
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thyroid is composed of? |
follicles and parafollicular cells |
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thyroid follicles contain? |
thyroglobulin |
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thyroid hormones? |
T3 and T4 |
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increases metabolism, increases body temperature, increases normal growth and development? |
T3 and T4 |
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T3 and T4 secretion regulation? |
TRH (hypothalamus) > TSH (pituitary) > thyroid |
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TRH secreted by the? |
hypothalamus |
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TSH secreted by the? |
pituitary |
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TSH also known as? |
thyotropin |
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both too little and too much iodine do what? |
decrease TH formation |
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antibodies stimulate TSH receptors in? |
Graves Disease |
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TSH released by the? |
anterior pituitary |
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TRH released by the? |
hypothalamus |
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TRH release regulated by? |
thyroxine |
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has two peptide subunits? |
thyrotropin |
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are T3 and T4 plasma bound? |
yes |
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inactive form of T4? |
T3 |
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produced and used within thyroid gland, proteases digest iodinated form to release T3 and T4, don't confuse with TBG (transporter)? |
thyroglobulin |
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necessary for production of T3 and T4? |
iodine and tyrosine |
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thyroglobulin secreted by? |
follicular cells |
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secrete calcitonin when blood Ca2+ levels are high? |
parathyroid hormone |
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how are hormones stored in the thyroid? |
attached to thyroglobulin |
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biosynthesis of thyroid hormones? |
iodide in > thyroglobulin synthesized in follicle cell > iodide + tyrosine in thyroglobulin > iodinated tyrosines join to form T4 or T3 > thyroglobulin broken down > T4 and T3 diffuse into circulatory system |
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thyroid hormone receptors are? |
class 2, family 1 nuclear receptors, alpha and beta with two subtypes each 4 known types |
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THR: alpha 1 in? |
cardiac/skeletal muscles |
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THR: alpha 2? |
oncogene c-erb-A |
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THR: beta 1 in? |
brain, liver, kidney |
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THR: beta 2 in? |
hypothalamus and pituitary |
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hormones of catabolism? |
thyroid hormones |
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thyroid hormones act (slow or fast)? |
slow |
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hormones involved in tissue development? |
thyroid hormones |
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treatment for hypothyroidism? |
replacement therapy |
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treatment for hyperthyroidism? |
take out part of thyroid gland beta blockers to inhibit effects, iodides to block conversion of T4 to T3, antithyroid drugs |
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secretion of calcitonin from parafollicular cells stimulated by? |
high Ca2+ concentration |
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decreases osteoclast activity and lengthens lifespan of osteoblasts? |
calcitonin |