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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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initial metabolism in liver of a drug absorbed from GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream
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first-pass effect
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study of influence of genetic factors on drug response, including nature of genetic aberrations that result in absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes
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Pharmacogenetics
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study of biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity
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pharmacodynamics
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study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources
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pharmacognosy
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rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body (includes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs)
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Pharmacokinetics
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treatment of pathologic conditions through use of drugs
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pharmacotherapeutics
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cellular processes that change in response to the presence of drug molecules
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drug actions
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drugs are categorized into pharmacologic classes according to __ and ___.
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physiologic functions and primary disease states treated
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___ regulates the approval and clinical use of all drugs in the US
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FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration)
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Never crush ___ oral dosage forms because it can cause accelerated release of drug from the dosage form and POSSIBLE TOXICITY
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extended release oral dosage forms
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dosage forms given via injection
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parenteral forms
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Aural, Buccal, Inhaled, intrarterial, IM, intranasal, intraocular, intravaginal, iv, subq, sublingual and transdermal are all examples of ____ routes
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NON-first pass routes
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hepatic arterial, oral, and portal venous are examples of ___ routes
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first-pass routes
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drugs administered ____ have a mixed first pass and non-first pass absorption and metabolism
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rectally
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list the topical routes
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transdermal and inhaled
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in ___ the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the mucosa of the stomach and or small or large intestine
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enteral drug administration
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areas of rapid distribution
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HEART, LIVER, KIDNEYS, BRAIN (areas most extensively supplied with blood)
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areas of slower distribution
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muscle, skin, fat
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what is distribution of a drug?
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transportation of drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
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biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite or a less active metabolite
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metabolism/ biotransformation
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organ most responsible for metabolism of drugs
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liver (less common metabolic tissues: skeletal muscles, kidneys, lungs, plasma, intestinal mucosa)
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time required for drug to elicit therapeutic response
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onset
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time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response
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peak effect
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length of time drug concentration is sufficient to elecicit a therapeutic response
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duration of action
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highest blood level of a drug
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peak level
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lowest blood level of a drug
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trough level
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measuring peak and trough levels of a drug
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therapeutic drug monitoring
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treatment needed to sustain life or treat disease
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acute therapy
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treatment of chronic illnesses
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maintenance therapy
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supplies body with a substance needed to maintain normal function
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supplemental therapy
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the goal of palliative therapy is what?
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to make patient as comfortable as possible
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maintains integrity of body functions while the patient is recovering from illness or trauma
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supportive therapy
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drug therapy to prevent illness or other undesirable outcome during planned events
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prophylactic therapy
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drug therapy based on clinical probabilities
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empiric therapy
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decreasing response to repeated drug doses
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tolerance
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physiologic or psychologic need for a drug
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dependence
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when two drugs with similiar actions are given together they can have ____.
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additive effects
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occurs when two parenteral drugs or solutions are mixed together and the result is a chemical deterioration of one or both of the drugs or formation of physical precipitate
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incompatibility
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preventable situation in which there is a compromise in the six rights of drug administration
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medication error
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any reaction to drug that is unexpected and undesirable and occurs at therapeutic drug dosages
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adverse drug reaction
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what is the first priority for effective treatment of a poisoned patient?
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to maintain airway, ventilation, and circulation
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what is the second priority for effective treatment of a poisoned patient?
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prevent absorption of the toxic substance and/or speed its elimination from the body using one or more of variety of clinical methods available
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