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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is the main neurotransmitter in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
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sympathetic=NE… parasympathetic=Ach
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What is the neurotransmitter found at nicotinic receptors?
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Ach
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What is the neurotransmitter seen at muscarinic receptors?
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Ach
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Besides NE, what other type of NT is released from the adrenal medulla?
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Epinephrine (Note: Epi is converted from NE)
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All sympathetic autonomic nerves use NE as a NT, except which two?
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(1) Sweat glands are sympathetic, with Ach activated muscarinic receptors... (2) In the kidney you find sympathetic Dopamine receptors
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None
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What NT and receptor is seen in parasympathetic nerves?
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Ach - muscarinic
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What NT and receptor type is seen in skeletal muscle?
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Ach - Nicotinic
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which NT and receptor type do preganglionic (and the adrenal medulla) use?
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Ach - Nicotinic
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: radial muscle of the IRIS (PUPIL)
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radial muscle of the IRIS (PUPIL):
Sympathetic: ∂1-contraction --> dilation of pupil (mydriasis) PS: none for radial muscle NOTE: Opposed by PS: M3--> contraction of CIRCULAR muscle --> Miosis (constriction of pupil) |
None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: circular muscle of the IRIS (PUPIL)
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circular muscle of the IRIS (PUPIL):
parasympym: M3-contraction --> Miosis: constriction of pupil NOTE: This opposes the sympathetic contraction of the radial muscle of the iris/pupil --> mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) |
None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: ciliary muscle of the eye
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ciliary muscle of the eye: PS:M3-contraction--> accomodation for close vision… S:ß-relaxation --> lens flattens for far vision
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None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Heart/sinoatrial node
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Heart/sinoatrial node: S:ß1,ß2-accelerates HR… PS:M2-decelerates HR
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None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Heart/ectopic pacemakers
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Heart/ectopic pacemakers: S:ß1ß2-accelerates HR… PS: none
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches:Heart/contractility
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branches:Heart/contractility: S:ß1ß2-increases contractility… PS:M2-decreases contractility
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None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Blood Vessels-skin/splanchnic
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Blood Vessels-skin/splanchnic: S:∂-contracts --> little blood to skin or digestive… PS: none
RELAXATION: NONE was given |
None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Blood Vessels: skeletal
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Blood Vessels: skeletal:
Sympathetic Relaxes: ß2 and M Sympathetic Constriction: ∂ PS: none |
None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Blood Vessels: endothelium
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Blood Vessels: endothelium:
PS:M3: Releases EDRF--> NO causing muscles to relax --> dilation and increased blood flow Sympathetic: NONE |
None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Bronchial Smooth Muscle
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Bronchial Smooth Muscle: S:ß2-relaxation… PS: M3-contracts
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None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches:GI Smooth Muscle Walls
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GI Smooth Muscle Walls: S: ∂2ß2 --> relaxes… PS: M3--> contracts
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None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: GI smooth muscle sphincters
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GI smooth muscle sphincters: S: ∂1 --> contracts… PS: M3--> relaxes
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None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: GI Secretions
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GI Secretions: S: none… PS: M3-->increases secretions
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None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: GI Myenteric Plexus
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GI Myenteric Plexus: S: none… PS: M1-activates
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None
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Genitourinary smooth muscle-bladder wall
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Genitourinary smooth muscle-bladder wall: S: ß2-relaxes… PS: M--> contracts
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Genitourinary smooth muscle spinchters
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Genitourinary smooth muscle-sphincters: S: ∂1--> contraction… PS: M--> relaxation
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches:Genitourinary smooth muscle-uterus/pregnant
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Genitourinary smooth muscle-uterus/pregnant: S: ß2-relaxes, ∂-contracts… PS: M-->contracts
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Penis/seminal vesicles
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Genitourinary smooth muscle-Penis/seminal vesicles: S: ∂-ejaculation… PS: M--> erection
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Skin - pilomotor and sweat glands
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skin - pilomotor and sweat glands: ALL Sympathetic: ∂ -apocrine and M-thermoregulation (heat relief)
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: liver glucogenesis and glycogenolysis
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liver glucogenesis and glycogenolysis: all sympathetic- ß2 and ∂
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: fat cells
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fat cells: S: ß3--> lipolysis
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Kidney
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Kidney: S: ß1--> renin release
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: Autonomic PS and S
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Autonomic PS and S: ∂--> decreases Ach release… PS: M--> decreases NE release
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Name the receptor and action of the following organ for both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches: renal vascular smooth muscle
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renal vascular smooth muscle: S: D???
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What are the 5 potential sites for pharm intervention?
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synthesis, storage, release, termination of action, receptor interaction
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Where are the 4-sites of action of acetylcholine?
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Ach works at all the following: (1) all preganglionic fibers (N) (2) All post-ganglionic fibers in the Parasympathetic system (M), (3) somatic nerves at neuromuscular junction (N), post-ganglionic sympathetic sweat glands (M)
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Where is choline transported in to cholinergic cells and what is cholin needed for?
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Choline is transported into the cholinergic nerve ending via the sodium dependent choline transporter (CHT)… (2) Choline is needed for Ach synthesis
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How does Hemicholinium work?
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INHIBITS Ach SYNTHESIS: Hemicholinium inhibits the transport of choline across the sodium dependent choline transporter (CHT) into cholinergic nerve ending (choline is needed to make AcH)
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How does Vemisol work?
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INHIBITS Ach STORAGE: Vemisicol inhibits the transport of Ach across the vessicle associated transporter (VAT) into storage vesicles
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Where is Ach's site of action? What type of half-life is seen with Ach?
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(1) Ach: a NT at preganglia for both sympathetic and parasympathetic nicotinic receptors, parasympatheic Post-ganglionic muscarinic receptors, and at NMJ nicotinic receptors… (2) Ach is degraded quickly by Ach-esterase --> short half-life
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None
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Where does Botulinium toxin work? What are it's uses?
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(1)INHIBITS Ach RELEASE: After Ca2+ release, Botulinium inhibits the association of VAMPs on vesicles to SNAPs on the membrane, by cleavage of SNAP… [works @ NMJ, CNS, Preganglion]… (2) Tx: cosmetic, anal spasm, migraine, blepharspasm
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How can Ach synthesis be directly inhibited?
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SYNTHESIS: ChAT (choline acetyltransferases), which converts AcetylCoA + Choline --> Ach
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What is the action of acetylcholinesterases inhibitors?
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TERMINATION OF ACTION: AchEI prevent the termination of the action of Ach, thus proloning action
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How is Ach involved in negative feedback?
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Ach can bind post-synaptic cholinergic (N or M)or pre-synaptic cholinergic receptors
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what is the precursor amino acid to NE?
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Tyrosine
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None
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How is tyrosine transported into the noradrenergic ending?
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tyrosine is transported via the sodium dependent carrier
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None
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How does metyrosine work?
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Metyrosine, (found at adrenergic presynaptic ending) inhibits Tyrosine Hydrolase, which is the rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis, the conversion of Tyrosine to Dopa
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None
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How and where does Resirpine work?
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"RESERPINE: (1) inhibits the High affinity carrier for catecholamines into storage vesicles (VMAT) - for NE it specifically inhibits the entry of Dopamine, which will be converted to NE in the vesicle
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What converts Dopamine into NE in the vesicles?
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dopamine-ß-hydroxylase
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What do guanethidine and bretylium do?
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Like botulinium toxin, guanethidine and bretylium block the fusion and release of the contents of adrenergic (NE) vesicle to the cleft (SNAPs and VAMPs)
Similar to Botulism toxin in cholinergic ending |
None
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What do tricyclic antidepressants and cocaine do?
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INDIRECT SYMPATHOMIMETIC like tricyclic antidepressants and cocaine, blocks the reuptake of NE from the synaptic cleft from either the pre or post junctional cells at the NE transporter (NET)
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None
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What is the drug interaction between cocaine and ß-blockers?
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ß blocker cause an unopposed ∂ affect --> leads to lowered CO and lack of perfusion
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None
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What are the three types of regulatory receptors on presynaptic ending?
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(1) Heteroreceptors, which regulates the ending by means other than NE (such as DOPAMINE)… (2) Autoreceptors: (a) ∂2-where NE down regulates release of NE (negative FB)… (b) ß-where NE increases the release of NE (positive FB)
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None
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Besides NET reuptake, what are two other ways that NE is cleared?
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(1) glial and smooth muscle cells reuptake-2… (2) MAO and COMT metabolism in the nerve terminals (NE turnover)
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What do MAO Inhibitors do? What are the adverse drug rxns of MAO inhibitors? What is the adverse drug interaction between MAO-I and tyramine
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MAOI: (1) MAOI inhibit the metabolism and thus increase catacholamine activity… (2) Adverse drug rxn: postural hypotension, hypoglycemia… (3) Drug ixn: MAO-I when given with tyramine it increases BP and causes tachycardia
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None
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What inhibits tyrosine hydrolase?
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metyrosine
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None
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What would happen if you inhibited phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase?
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Inhibiting phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase would inhibit the conversion of NE to epinephrine
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In normal neuronal activity, what is the pathway that causes the release of catacholamines from the vesicles to the synapse?
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influx of Ca from voltage gated Ca channels and the fusion of the vesicle with the neuronal membrane via VAMPs and SNAPs.
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None
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(1) What happens as a result of stimulation of the barroreceptors? (PS and P)… (2) what happens if there is decreased baroreceptor stimulation?
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(1) PS: via vagus --> decrease HR… S: decreased input to the heart… (2) the reverse --> increased HR
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what is the predominant tone of the GI?
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parasympathetic
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With two exceptions, which is the arm of the autonomic NS that is the predominant tone? What are the 2 exceptions?
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(1) the predominant tone is set by the arm that causes contraction or movement, etc. (2) a) Heart: the primary tone is set by the PSNS, which slows the heart… b) Blood vessels: there are no PSN influences here thus the primary tone is the SNS.
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What will be affected by drugs that inhibit/or accentuate ganglionic nicotinic receptors?
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the predominant tone
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What is denervation sensitivity?
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it is the up regulation of the receptor-effector system after denervation of tissue causes an increased response to activators… reserpine can also cause this
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what is the cholinergic version of reserpine?
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vesamicol… both prevent storage and depletes contents of vesicles
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