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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A clinical use of diethylstilbesterol therapy in the dog is:
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urinary incontinence
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The area of the body that produces thyroid stimulating hormone is the:
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anterior pituitary gland
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A controlled substance is:
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Winstrol V
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The type of medication that can be used in cattle to regulate the heat cycle to allow breeding times and subsequent calving times to be planned is
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Prostaglandins
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The medication that is noted for having a protein anabolic effect is:
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stanazolol
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When treating canine patients for hypothyroidism, the medication is likely to be administered ________ each day
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2 times
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The type of insulin that is administered IV in emergency situations such as ketoacidosis is:
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Regular Insulin
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Bone marrow suppression is a possible side effect that may be seen if a patient is given large doses of:
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Diethylstilbesterol (DES)
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Hyperthyroidism occurs most commonly in the:
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cat
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In cases of accidental overdose of NPH Insulin, the medication indicated is:
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50% dextrose
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Cyclosporin is best categorized as a/an
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immunosuppressant
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A cell that is associated with the release of histamine is the:
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mast cell
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Estrogens are
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Female sex hormones
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_____ may be seen in dogs after spaying and is generally noted white to dog is asleep
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Urinary incontince
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List 3 side effects of DES
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1. Estrus 2. Bone marrow suppression 3. Endocrine alopecia |
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Stanazolol and testosterone are
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Male sex hormones (androgens)
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A clinical use for testosterone is
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Urinary incontinence in older male dogs
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Stanazolol is clinically used to promote tissue growth and is used in part of treatment for
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Geriatric patients, debilitation from kidney disease or cancer
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Stanazolol was previously available as
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Winstrol V (may be produced at compounding pharmacies)
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Thyroid hormone is released from the thyroid gland in the form of
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thyroxine
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Thyroid hormone affects the metabolism of
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Fats, carbs and protiens
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Increased levels of thyroid hormone will _____ metabolic rate
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increase
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Lethargy, reduced alertness, increased body weight and poor hair coat (patchy hair loss) are all symptoms of |
hypothyroidism
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Hypothyroidism occurs most frequently in the
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dog
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Hyperthyroidism occurs most frequently in the
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cat
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Na levothyroxine (Synthroid) (Soloxine) is generally used twice daily, will replace T 4 and is used to treat
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hypothyroidism
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When using Na levothyroxine therapy is monitored by assessing T4 levels every
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3-6 months
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What is considered the drug of choice for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats?
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methimizole (Tapazole)
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Side affects from methimizole will usually occur within the first ____ of use
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3 months
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The mode of action for methimizole is to inhibit the use of _______ by the thyroid gland which will cause inhibition of the formation of thyroid hormones
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iodine
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_____ can also be used along side of methimizole for treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats
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Radiation therapy
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Side effects of methimaziole include all of the following except? A. vomiting B. Diarrhea C. Anorexia D. Depression E. Self induced excoriations |
B. diarrhea
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Contraindications for methimazole include? A. pregnancy B. liver disease C. autoimmune disease D. renal disease E. concurrent hematologic abnormalities |
all
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Hormones produced by the pancreas include
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insulin and glucagon
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Insulin has the effect of
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Lowering blood sugar
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Glucagon will have the effect of
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Raising the blood sugar
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Insulin allows _____ to enter the cell for proper metabolism
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glucose
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Insulin is produced in the pancreas in the group of cells called
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The Islets of Langerhans
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Beta cells of the Islets produce
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insulin
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Alpha cells of the islet produce
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glugacon
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Insulin is used to treat
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Diabetes mellitus
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These types of insulins are given IV or IM in emergency situations and will rapidly lower blood sugar concentrations.
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rapid acting insulins
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NPH and Humalin N are examples of?
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Intermediate acting insulins
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Peak concentration for NPH is
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2-6 hrs, with a 12-24 hr duration
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NPH and Humalin N are recommended to be administered how?
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SQ in the lateral abdominal area
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Regular human insulin Humalin R and Novolin R are examples of?
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Rapid acting insulins
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NPH and Humalin N are usually administered when?
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Early in the morning so that peak activity occurs in late afternoon
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To avoid creating small bubbles in the product and damaging that large molecule of insulin what is the method of preperation
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roll the insulin rather than shaking it prior to administration
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A form of insulin with the amino acid sequence similar to that of the dog and will cause less antibody formation against the molecule is
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Vetsulin a purified pork insulin
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The recommended dose for Vetsulin is
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injection once or twice daily (initial once daily dosing is recommended)
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The concentration of Vetsulin is 40 units per mL, what is proper syringe of dosing?
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a 40 unit syringe
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______ is another form of purified pork insulin and is available in the U 40 concentration, it may be administered by the sue of a mechanized syringe called a VetPen
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Caninsulin
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A longer acting sterile cloudy or milky suspension of insulin modified by the addition of protamine sulfate and zinc chloride in buffered water of injection and is recommended for cats is
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PZI protamine zinc insulin
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T/F - PZI is recommended for dogs
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False- b/c of unpredictable onset of action and duration and possibility of anti-insulin antibody formation
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Peak action for PZI is
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6-12 hours (longer duration than NPH)
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A newer human recombinant type of insulin that has a longer duration of action and is well suited for cats is
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glargine (Lantus) (Avail 100-U)
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An overdose of insulin may cause?
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hypoglycemia
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the treatment of insulin overdose hypoglycemia is
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karo syrup 1tbsp/pound (if patient to weak to eat syrup or maple syrup can be rubbed on gums) 50% dextrose may be given in hospital (1/2mL/il IV |
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When do symptoms of hypoglycemia occur
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when glucose levels reach 30mg/dl or below
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Incremental changes of ____ to ___ unit are made depending on blood glucose levels
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1/2 to 1
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typical regulating program for insulin includes these 6 steps
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1. feed 1/2 daily calorie in morning 2. administer insulin after eating 3. feed another meal at peak insulin activity (8hrs after) 4. monitor blood glucose 6-8 hrs after administration 5. key is consistency 6. adjustments are made as blood glucose levels indicate |
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An oral hypoglycemic whose mechanism of action is to increase the production of insulin from beta cells of the pancreas and is being used in some cases of feline diabetes is
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glipizide
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_____ are used in large animals to regulate the heat cycle and are derived from fatty acids found in the cells
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prostaglandins
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___ is a prostaglandin used to control glaucoma, is used as an eye drop, and causes a decrease in intraocular pressure by increasing outflow of aqueous humor
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lanaprost (Xalatan)
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Because they can cause abortions and bronchospasm prostaglandins should not be handled by?
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pregnant women, asthmatics or animals with respiratory disease
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____ causes constriction or dilation in vascular smooth muscle cells, aggregation or disaggregation of platelets, constrict smooth muscles, regulate inflammatory mediation, regulate hormone production and release, sensitize spinal neurons to pain and control cell growth
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prostaglandins
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This endocrine type drug will inhibit the effects of the inflammatory response by preventing histamine from attaching to receptor cells
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antihistamines
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Histamine is released from ___ and causes _____ of small blood vessles
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mast cells; dilation
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Actions of histamine include (4)
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1. dilation of small blood vessels 2. smooth muscle spasm 3. increased secretion of glands 4. pruritis |
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Pruritus, acute allergic reaction, urticarial, motion sickness, anaphylactic shock, and appetite stimulation in cats are all indications for
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antihistamines
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Which of the following are types of histamines A. diphenhydramine (Benadryl) B. Chlorpheniramine C. Clemastine (Tavist) D. cyproheptadine (Periactin) E. All |
E. All
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Immunodulators and cytokine inhibitors are used as
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antipuritic medications
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This antipuritic is considered an immunosuppressant and is suspected to suppress the function of lymphocytes, expensive
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cyclosporine (Atopica)
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____ is used in the treatment of perinal fistula in the dog and used in human medicine to reduce the rejection of transplanted organs, useful in feline asthma, feline inflammatory bowel disease, and the optical form is useful for keritits sicca
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cyclosporine (Atopica)
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The primary organ of metabolism for Atopica is
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liver (half life 9-12 hrs)
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Adverse effects of atopica include (3)
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1. vomiting 2. anorexia 3. diarrhea |
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A contraindication for atopica is
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history of neoplasia
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_____ is not approved for other species and is used in dogs at least 12 months old that are atopic or chronic allergic dermatits
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oclacitinib (Apoquel) (cytokine inhibitor)
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Apoquel or oclacitinib is a
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cytokine inhibitor
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T/F- Cytokines are a large group of protiens, peptides or glycoproteins that are produced by specific cells of immune system (lymphocytes) and are referred to as signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation.
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true
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The clinic use for Apoquel is
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BID to two weeks then SID
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Vomitng, diarrhea , polydipsia, lethargy, and increased susceptibility to infections have been reported with the use of
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Apoquel oclacitinib
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T/F- Apoquel may take 12 hours to produce antipruitic effect
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true
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Drowsiness, weakness, dry MM and CNS stimulation are adverse
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antihistamines
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Urticaria is
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hives
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