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251 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Refers to the study of NATURAL DRUG SOURCES
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Pharmacognosy
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Chemical use to treat and diagnose or prevent disease
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Drug
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Study of drugs and their interactions with the human body
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Pharacology
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This name of the drug is proper and CAPITALIZED
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Brand Name
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Generic Name
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Suggested by manufacturer and confirmed by US Adopted Name Council
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Once dug has FDA official name it is listed where and will have what next to name of drug
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Pharmocpeia, USP
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Pharmacokinetics
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How drug is absorbed, distributed and eliminated
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Empowered FDA to enforce and set market safety standards for drugs
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Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
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Durham-Humphrey Amendments of 1951
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Required pharmacists to have a written or verbal prescription to dispense Med
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Most recent major Federal Legislation affecting drug sales and use
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Comprehensive Drug Abuse, Prevention, and Control Act (aka Contolled substance Act) of 1970
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High abuse Potential; may lead to sever dependence; no accepted medical indications; used for researh and analysis and instruction only
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Schedule I (LSD, Crystal Meth, HeroinO)
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High potential for abuse; may lead to physical dependence; has accepted medical indications
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Schedule II (opiods, cocaine, morphine, codiene, oxycodone, methadone)
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Less potential for abuse; may lead to moderate or low dependence; high psychological dependence; accepted medical indications
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Schedule III ( limited opoid amounts or combined with non controlled substances, T3, Vicodin
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Low abuse rate; limited psychological and/or physical dependence; accepted medical indications
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Schedule IV ( Diazepam, Phenobarb, Lorazepam)
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Very Low abuse rate; may lead to limited physical or psycological dependence, accepted medical indications
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Schedule V ( Limited opoids, often for cough or diarrhea, Robitussin with codiene)
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Test that determines amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in a lab
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Assay
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Bioequivlence
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Relative therapuetic effectiveness of chemically equivlent drugs
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Bioassy
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Test to ascertain a drugs availability in a biological model
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Six rights of medication administration
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Person, Time, Medication, Dose, Route, Documentation
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Proportion of a drug available in the body to cause deired or undesired effects
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Free Drug Availability
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Pharmacodynamics
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How a drug interacts with the body
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Requires use of energy to transport
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Active transport
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Carrier protiens transport large molecules across the cell memberane
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Passive Diffusion
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Doesn't require energy to transport
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Diffusion
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movement of solute in a solution form are of high to area of low concentration
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Movement of solvent in solution from area of low to area of higher concentration
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Osmosis
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Filtration
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Movement of molecules across a membrane from are of higher to area or lower pressure
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To become electrically charge
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Ionize
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Pharmacokinetic Processes
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Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformation, Elimination
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Amount of drug that is still available after reaching target tissue
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Bioavailability
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Tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in CNS, which non-protein-bound highly lipid souable drugs can pass
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Blood-Brain Carrier
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Biochemical barrier that the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules
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Placental Barrier
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Known as the metabolism of Drugs
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Biotransformation
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Prodrug (parent Drug)
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Medication that is not active when administered but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites
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Hydrolysis
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Breakage of a chemical bond by adding water
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Oral
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P.O. Throught the mouth. Drug must be able to tolerate the acidic gastric enviornment
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Orogastric/nasogastric
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OG/NG used as an oral route for medications when a tube is already in place
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Sublingual
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SL Excellent absorptionfrom sublingual cappilary bed without problems of gastric acidity
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Absorption through cheek and gum
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Buccal
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PR
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Rectal usually used for unconsciouss victims or those who can not tolerate PO or IV
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Delivers medications by absorption through the GI tract
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Enternal Routes
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Parenteral Routes
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delivery of medication outside the GI tract, usually injection into bloodstream
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Preferred route of med administration in emergecies
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IV- Intravenous
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Endotrachel
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ET- Alternative route for med admin in emergencies
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IO
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Intraosseous- Delivers drugs into the medullary space of the bones. Alternative to IV and ET
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Umbilical
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Umbilical artery and Vein can provide alternative to IV admin in newborns
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Intramusular
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IM- Allows slower absorption than IV
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SC, SQ, SubQ
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Subcutaneous- route is slower than IM
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Very rapid absorption, is especially useful when adminiter drugs targeting the lungs
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Inhalation/Nebulizer
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Administer to top of skin
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Topical
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Delivering drugs to the mucousa, has expanding role in delivering systemically acting drugs
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Nasal
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Administration of drugs underneath the eyelid
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Instillation
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Adminiters drug to Dermal layers
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Intradermal
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Tinctures
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Prepared using alcohol extract process
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Preparations in which solids do not disolve in solvent, solid will precipate out
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Suspension
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Suspensions with oily substance in solvent
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Emulsions
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Most drugs act by binding to
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Receptors
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Drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response
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Agonist
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Anatagonist
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Drug that binds to receptor sites that do not initiate the expected response
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Drug that binds to receptors and initiates part of response and blocks others
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Agonist-antagonist
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When one drug binds to receptor and causes expected effect while blocking another drug from triggering same receptor
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Competitive antagongism
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The binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of binding site that prevents an antagonist from fitting and binding
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Noncompetitive antagonism
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Irreversible antagonism
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Competitive antagonism that permanantly binds with receptor site
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Side effect
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Unintended response
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Aka additve effect. Two drugs that have the same effect are given together
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Summation
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Two drugs have same effect but when given increases the sum of the response
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Synergism
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Potentiation
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One grug that enhance effect of another (i.e Phergan enahnce effects to morphine)
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Onset action
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Time that the drug is give until the minimum effect is aquired
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Minimum effective level
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Minimum level of drug needed to cause an effect
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Biologic Half life
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Time the body takes to clear one half of the drug
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Drug that best demos the class's common properties and illustrates its particular characteristics
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Prototype
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Make up of CNS
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Spinal chord, brain, all nerves that originate and terminate within brain or spinal column
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Make up of peripheral Sys.
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Everything else except brain and spinal column and nerves that start and end in brain and spinal column
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Controls voluntary or motor functions
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Somatic Nervous System
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Controls of involuntary functions
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Analgesic, Anticonvulsants, Stimulants, anesthetics, psychotherapy drus are all meds for what system
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CNS
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Analgesic
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Medication that relieves pain
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Analgesia
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Absence of pain
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Anesthetic
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Absence of ALL sensation
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Adjunct medication
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Enhance effects of other drugs (i.e benzoprines (diazepam (valium), lorazepam (ativan), midazolam (Versed)) antihistamines, and caffine
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Three nonopioid medications that have analgesic properties
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Salicylates (ASA), NSAIDS (Motrin), Para-aminophenol (Tylenol)
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Prototype of opoid antagonist
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Narcan (Naloxone)
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Useful in reversing effects of Opoids
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Opoid antagonist
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Neuroleptanesthia
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Combines decereased sensation of pain with amnesia while person remains conscious
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Causes respiratory, CNS, and Cardiovascular depression
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Anesthetics
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State of decreased anxiety and inhibitions
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Sedation
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Hypnosis
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intigation of sleep
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Type of drug used to decrease anxiety, induce amnesia, and assit in sleep
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Antianxiety and Sedative-hypnotic Drugs
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Two main types of Antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic drugs
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Benzodiazepines and Barbituates
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A state of hyperactivity of either a section of the brain or all of the brain
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Seizure
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What is the function of barbituates and benzodiazepines in axiety and Sedative and Hypnotic drugs?
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Hyperpolarizes the membrane of central nervous system neurons whichdecreases their response to the stimuli
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Is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system
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Gama-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
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Where do partial seziures take place?
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Erupt from a specific focus and described as alterations in consciousness or behavior
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Describe generalized seizures?
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Involves bith hemispheres of the brain and is described in terms of visible motor activity
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This is a type of seizure that involves periods of muscle rigidity followed by spasmotic twitching
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Generalized tonic-clonic
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Life threatening condition, charaterized by uninterupted tonic-clonic seizures lasting more than 30 min
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Sticus Epilepticus
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What is the function if anti-seizure drugs?
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to inhibit the influx of sodium into the cell decreasing the cells ability to depolarize and propergate seizures
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In CNS Stimulants these are used to increase the relaxtion of the of exitatory neurotransmitters
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Amphetamines
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This is a type of CNS Stimulant that blocks adenosine receptors
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Methylxanthines
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Drug used to treat mental DYSFUNCTION
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Psychotherapeutic Medication
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Antipsycotic drugs are also known as
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Neuroleptic
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Tricycli Antideressants (TCA)
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Antidepressants act by blocking the reuptake of norepi and seretonin, extending the duration of their actions
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Most wideley prescribed SSRI in US
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Prozac (fluoxetine)
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SSRI stands for
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Selective Seretonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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SSRI's do not effect which drug
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Dopamine or Norepinephrine
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Groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside the CNS
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Autonomic Ganglia
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Chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse
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Neurotransmitter
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Cholergenic
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Pertaining to the neurotransmitter ACh
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Adrenergic
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Pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
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What 4 cranial nerves does the parasympathetic system travel through when leaving the brain
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Ocularmotor nerves (III), Facial Nerves (VII), glosso-phyrangeal (IX), Vagus nerve (X)
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What nerves does the parasympathetic nerves form in the sacral segment
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Pelvic nerves (bladder, sex organs, and terminal portions of the large intestine
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Stimulation of parasympathetic Nervous System results in:
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Pupillary Constriction, secretions by digestive glands, reduction in HR, Bronchoconstriction, increased smooth muscle activity in digestive tract
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Parasypathomimetic (Cholergenic)
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Drugs or substances that cause effects like those of the PNS
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Parasypatholytic (Anticholergenic)
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drugs or substance that blocks or inhibits actions of PNS
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Direct acting cholergenics
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stimulate affects of ACh by directly binding with cholergenic receptors
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SLUDGE Stands for
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Salvation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastric motility, Emisis
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SLUDGE is the acronym for side effects of what type of drugs?
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Cholergenics
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Indirect-acting cholergenics affect
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AChE
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Drug used to treat MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
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Neostigmine (Prostigmin)
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How does Neostigmine work
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Blocks the degradation of ACh and help increase muscle stregnth
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What is the sole purpose if Irriverible cholinestrase inhibitors
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Treatment of glucoma
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Sympathomimetric (ADRENGERIC)
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Drug or substance that causes effects loke those of sympathetic nevous system
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Sympatholytic (ANTIADRENGERIC)
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Drug that clocks action of the sympathetic nervous system
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Alpha 1 antagonism is fot tx of
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Hypertension
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How does Alpha 1 antagonist work
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Prevents peripheral vasoconstriction of alpha stimulation, therefore decreases the B/P
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Beta 1 primarily used for
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Cardia Arrest and Hypotension
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Function of Beta 1 agonist
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Increases HR, contractility and conduction
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Beta 1 antagonist are primarily used for
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Control of BP
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Primary function of Beta 1 ANTAGONIST
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Block effects of Beta 1 by decrease HR, contactility, and conduction.
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Beta 2 agonist used to treat ?
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Asthama and other conditions with excessive narrowing of the bronchioles
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Function of Beta 2 Agonist
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Relaxes bronchiole smooth muscles causing bronchodialation, also have uriterine smooth muscle relation
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Drugs used to treat and prevent abnormal cardiac rhythms
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Antidysrythmic Drugs
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Antidysrythmics are classified in Vaughn-Williams and Singh Classification System What are the Class:
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I- Sodium Channel Blockers II- Beta Blockers
III- Potassium Blockers IV- Misc. |
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Class IA drugs include
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Procanamide Quinidine and Norpace
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Class IA function is
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Slowing Conduction, decrease repolarization rate
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Class IB drugs include
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Lidocaine, Phyentoin (Dilantin), Tocainide, Mexiletine
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Function of Class IB
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Increase repolariztion where as IA DECREASES repolarization
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Class IC drug include
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Flecainide (Tambocor), Propafenone (Rhytmol)
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Function of Class IC
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Decreases Conduction velocity through atria nad ventricles as well as Bundle of His and Perkinjie network
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Drugs of Class II (Beta Blockers)
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Propanalol (Inderal), Acebutolol (Sectral), Esmolol (Brevibloc)
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Function of Class II (Beta Blockers)
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treatment of tachycardiads, Beta 1 is attached to Calcium beta blockes block beta 1 and slow things down
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Drugs of Class III (Potassium Channel Blockers)
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Bretylium (Breytlol) and AMIODERONE (Cordarone)
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Function of Potassium Channel Blockers
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Blocks potassium and slows down repolarization and refractory period
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Drugs of Class IV (Calcium Channel Blockers)
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Verampamil (CALAN), and Diltiazem (Cardiziem)
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Function of Calcium channel blockers
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Affect the heart, decrease SA and AV node automaticity, mainly decreases conductivity
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Class V (MISC.)drugs include
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Adenosine, Digoxin, Magnesium
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Function of Diuretics
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Reduce circulating blood volume by increasing amout of urine output. Reduces PRELOAD of the heart
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Calcium Channel blocker that does not affect the Heart
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Procardia. It acts on vascular smooth muscles or the aterioles
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Fibrolytics function
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act directly on thrombi to break them up
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These are mediators released from mast cells upon contact with allergens
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Leukotrines
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These types of drugs stimulate the effects of ACh by directly binding with colinergic receptors
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Cholerinergics
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Cholinergics anatagonists that block the effects of ACh almost exclusivley at muscarinic receptors
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Muscarinic Cholinergic Antagonist
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These block the ACh only at nicotinic receptors
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Nicotinic ANatagonist
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Is produced by competitive antagonism with ACh at nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia
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Ganglionis Blocking Agents
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Produces a state of paraylysis without affecting consciousness
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Neuromuscular Blocking agents
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These receptors cause peripheral vasoconstriction, mild bronchoconstriction, and stimulation of metabolism
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Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors
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These receptors sereve to prevent over release of norepinephrine in synapse
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Alpha 2 adrengeric receptors
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Theses receptors cause increase in heart rate, cardiac contractile force, and cardiac automaticity and conduction
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Beta 1 adrenergic receptors
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These receptors causes vasodialation and brochodialation
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Beta 2 adrenergic receptors
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These receptors evidently cause dialation of renal ,coronary, and cerebral arteries
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Dopaminergic Receptors
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Medications that stimulate the sympathetic Nervous System
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Sympathomimetics
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Medications that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system
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Sympathilytics
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Primary purpose for medications to stimulate the Alpha 1 receptors is ?
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Peripheral vasoconstriction
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Alpha 1 antagonism is indicated for
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Contolling Hypertension
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Beta 1 stimulation is indicated for
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Cardia arrest and hypotension resulting from inadequate pumping
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Most common use of Beta 1 antagonist
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Controll B/P
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Beside controlling b/p, what are beta 1 antagonist used to treat in emergency settings
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SVT's anginas and also reduces recurrence od MI
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Beta 2 agonists ore used to treat
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Astham and any other conditions resulting from narrowing of bronchioles
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Beta 2 agonist work by
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relaxing bronichial smooth muscle and causing bronchodialation
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The adrenergic Agent catecholamines include what chemicals or drugs
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Norepinephrine, epinepherine, and dopamine
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Synthetic catecholamines include
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Isoproternol and dobutamine
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Beta adrenergic anatagonists are referred to as
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Beta Blockers
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These are used to treat muscle spasms from injusry and muscle spasticity from CNS injuries or diseases
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Skeletal Muscle relaxants
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Calcium is responsible for what action in the heart
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Muscle COntraction
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Drugs used to treat and prevent abnormat cardiac rhythms
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Antidysrhythmics
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These frugs slow the progagation of impulses down the specialized conductive system of atria and ventricles
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Sodium Channel Blockers
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Class Ia Sodum Chanel Blockers include:
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Quinidine, Procanamide, Disopyrimide
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Class Ib Sodium Channel blockers include:
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Lidocaine, Phenytoin, Tocanide, Mexiletine
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Class Ic Sodium Channel Blockers include:
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Tambocor, Rhythmol
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Function of Class Ia Sodium Channel Blockers
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Slow Conduction and decrease repolarization rate
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Function of Class Ib Sodium Channel Blockers include
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Increasing repolarization rate and reduce automicity in ventricular cells
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Function of Class Ic Sodium Channel Blockers include:
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delay repolarization
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Class II Antidysrythmics are
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Beta Blockers
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Class III antidysrythmics are
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Potassium Channel Blockers
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Potassium Channel Blockers are also called what type of medications
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Antiadrergic Medications
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Function of Potassium Channel Blockers
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Prolong repolarization and effective refractory period
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Class IV antidysrthmics are
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Calcium Channel Blockers/ MISC.
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These decrease the SA and AV nodes automaticity, but most of their usefulness arises from decreasing conductivity throught the AV node
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Calcium Channel Blockers
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Is the force of blood against the arteries walls as heart contracts and relaxes
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Blood Pressure
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These types of drug reduce the circulating blood volume by increasing amout of urine
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Diuertics
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Loop Diuretics are primary tool for treating what
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CHF
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Most of the beta blockers are located where?
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Heart and juxtaglomerular cells of Kidneys
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Function of Centrally Acting Adrenergic Inhibitors
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reduce hypertension by inhibiting the CNS stimulation of adrnergic receptors
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Centrally Acting Adrenergic Inhibitors are known as
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Alpha 2 agonists
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Alpha 2 agonists are located where?
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The presynaptic end terminals
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What is it the alpha 2 recpeptors release when stimulated
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Norepinephrine to counter balance sypathetic stimulation
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HEMOstasis
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The stoppage of bleeding
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Antiplatelet drugs are used for
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decreasing the formation of platelet plugs
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The primary antiplatelet drug used is
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Aspirin
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TXA2 is
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Thromboxane A2
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TXA2 causes
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platlets to aggregate and promoted local vasoconstriction
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Aspirins main side effects is
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Bleeding
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Drung that interrupts the clooting cascade
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Anticoagulant drug
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Drug that acts directly through the thrombi to break them down
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Thrombolitic/Fibrinolytics
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Prototype for Fibrinolytics is
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Streptase
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Common fibrinolytic is
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tPA
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Elevated LDL's have been clearly indicated as a causative factor in
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CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
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This contains most of the cholesterol in the blood abd are required to transport cholesterol from liver to the peripheral tissue
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LDL
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These carry cholesterol from the peripheral tissuesto the liver, where it is broken down
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HDL
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Antihistamines
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drugs that arrest histamines by blocking its receptors
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Histamines
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an endogenous substance that affects a wide variety of organs
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Antitussive
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Medication that supresses cough
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Expectorant
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Medication intended to increase producticvity of cough
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Mucolytic
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Medication intended to make musous watery
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Chief side effect of antihistaines
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Sedation
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Antihistamines should not be used in patients with?
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Astham due to the effevt of increased secretions
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An imbalance between factors in the gastrointestinal system that increases acidity and those that protect against acidity
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Peptic ulcer disease
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MOst common cause of Peptic Ulcer Disease
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H. Pylori
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these act directly on the Potassium and hysrogen ATPase enzyme that secretes gastric acid
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Proton Pump Inhibitors
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Alkalotic compund used to increase gastric enviornment's pH
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Antacid
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Medication used to decrease stool firmenss and increase water content
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Laxative
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4 catergories of laxatives
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Bulk Forming, surfactant, stimulant, and osmotic
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Citrucel, metamucil are what type of laxative
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Bulk Forming
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Laxative that absorb waters, leading to a softer stool
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Bulk forming
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Substance that decreases surface tension and increases water absorption into feces
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Surfactant
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Bisacodyl, Colace (doucasate Sodium) is what type of laxative
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Surfactant
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Poorly absorbed salts that increase osmotic pull, there by increasing water content
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osmotic laxatives
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Medication used to prevent vomiting
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Antiemetics
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Transmitters involved in vomiting reflex include:
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Serotonin, sopamin, ACh, Histamine
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Effects of serotonin antagonist in vomiting
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Blocks saratonin inhibitors in CTZ, the stomach, and sm. intestine
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What medication is considered a serotonin antagonist for vominting
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Zofran
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Medication for dopamine antagonists for vominitng include
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Promethazine (phenergan) Compazine, Haldol, reglan
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|
Degenerative disease that effects the optic nerve
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Glaucoma
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|
Most common types of medications used to treat glaucoma is
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Beta blockers and cholineregics
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Beta blockers are used for the eyes to :
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reduce IOP (intraoccular pressure)
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Cholineregic medication for the eyes do what?
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stimulate muscurinic receptors and cause MIOSIS (pupil constriction)and ciliary muscle contraction
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Dwarfism, abnormal growth, giantism are all conditions of
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Anterior Pituitary
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Sometrem and Somatropin are use to treat?
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Dwarfism and is a growth hormone
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Sandostatin is used for?
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Giantism
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Acromegaly and Giantism are normally cause by?
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Tumor
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2 Posterior pituitary hormones are
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Oxytocinand antidiuretic
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This hormone increases water reabsorption in the renal collecting tubules
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Physiologically, this is the key component in regulating blood volume, bloo pressure and electrolyte balance
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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Drug s used for ADH deficiency are
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Vasopressin, desmopressin, lysepressin
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Substance that decreases blood glucose level
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Insulin
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Substance that increases blood glucose level
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Glucagon
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Drugs that affect the male reproductive system
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Testosterone, Metandren, Halotestin
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|
Benign prstatic Hyperplasia is known as
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Enlarged Prostate
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|
Treatment of enlarged prostate is
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Primary, surgery secondary is Proscar interferes with enzyme in prostate growth
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How many types of Beta adrenergic receptors are there and where are they located
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B1- Heart and kidneys, B2- Lungs, GI, Liver, vascualr smooth muscles,uterus, and skeletal muscle B3- Fat Cells
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What is ACh and its function?
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Acetecholine, which is a chemical that allows neurons to communicate with each other
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