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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Blood clots that form in veins are mainly composed of |
fibrin and red blood cells |
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The liver produces clotting factors ___ through ____ |
I through XIII |
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The formation of many clotting factors depends on the presence of ___________ in the foods we eat. |
Vitamin K |
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When an injury occurs, the injured tissue release ______ _______, and clotting factors in the blood are activated. |
tissue thromboplastin |
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When are clotting factors in the blood activated? |
When an injury occurs |
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What is platelet aggregation? |
Platelets stick to the damaged tissue to form clumps |
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The clotting factors eventually produce ______, then ______, and finally strands of _______.
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thrombin; fibrinogen; fibrin |
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What do strands of fibrin do? |
trap red blood cells, and this forms a blood clot
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Blood clots that form in arteries are mainly composed of |
platelet clumps |
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Anticoagulant drugs inhibit: |
-Action of clotting factors in the blood. -Formation of those clotting factors inthe liver that require vitamin K. |
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Anticoagulant drugs prevent: |
-Platelets from adhering to the site of injury.
-Platelets from clumping together to begin the formation of a clot. |
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What do anticoagulant drugs do? |
-Decrease the viscosity of the blood.
-Increase red blood cell flexibility to promote the flow of blood. |
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What was the first anticoagulant drug? |
Heparin |
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What does Heparin do? |
Inhibit clotting factor X in the blood |
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What is Heparin composed of? |
large molecules that are not easily absorbed |
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Both heparin and low molecular weight heparin drugs are made from |
cows or pigs intestines |
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What percentage of a heparin dose exerts a therapeutic effect? |
20%-30% |
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How were low molecular weight heparin drugs created? |
by breaking apart the heparin molecule and descreasing its size |
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All low molecular weight heparin drugs are given |
subcutaneously |
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Heparin and low molecular weight heparin drugs: |
heparin Fragmin Lovenox |
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How is the drug Fragmin measured? |
units
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How is the drug Lovenox measured? |
milligrams |
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Both Fragmin and Lovenox are administered |
subcutaneously |
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How is heparin given? |
intravenously or subcutaneously |
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What is heparin derived from? |
porcine (pigs) intestinal mucosa |
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How is heparin measured? |
units |
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How much of LMWH is absorbed and exerts a therapeutic effect? |
almost the entire dose |
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If receiving subcutaneous heparin low molecular weight heparin administered by a nurse in the hospital, patients are switched to an ____ ________ _____ before being discharged home.
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oral anticoagulant drug |
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What is a heparin lock? |
a special device that allows intravenous access without needing to have an intravenous line and intravenous fluids running continuously.
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The heparin lock contains
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a small reservoir of heparin |
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What happens aftera drug is injected through the heparin lock? |
the reservoir is again filled withheparin to keep the tubing in the patient's vein free of blood clots until thenext drug dose
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Warfarin: |
blocks vitamin K and keeps the liver from producing clotting factors; also directly blocks clotting factors II, VII, and X. |
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Wafarin is measured in ________ and is given ______ or ________. |
milligrams; orally or intravenously |
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-Leafy green vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, spinach, bok choi, kale, parsley, turnip greens), beef liver, garbanzo beans (chickpeas), and soy products (soybeans, soy milk, tofu) contain large amounts of:
-This is known as: |
-Vitamin K that can decrease the therapeutic effect of an anticoagulant drug -antagonism |
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-What food has its own natural anticoagulant effect that increases the therapeutic effect of an anticoagulant drug? -This is known as: |
-garlic -synergism |
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What is antagonism? |
drug-food interactions that decrease the therapeutic effect of an anticoagulant drug |
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What is synergism? |
drug-food interactions that increase the therapeutic effect of an anticoagulant drug |
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Warfarin drugs include: |
warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven) |
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What is the most well-known antiplatelet drug? |
Aspirin |
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Prevent platelets from binding to the site of tissue injury and forming a blood clot |
platelet aggregation inhibitor drugs |
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Prevent platelets in the blood from clumping together (aggregation) to form a blood clot |
platelet aggregation inhibitor drugs |
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Prescription platelet aggregation inhibitor drugs are used to prevent a blood clot in patients who are undergoing: |
angioplasty, stent placement, or cardiac valve surgery |
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Other platelet aggregation inhibitor drugs are used to prevent a blood clot in patients who have had a: |
myocardial infarction or stroke, or to treat patients with acute coronary syndrome |
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What is cilostazol? |
platelet aggregation inhibitor drug that is also a vasodilator and is used to prevent blood clot formation in patients with peripheral vascular disease and intermittent claudication |
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What is dipyridamole? |
specifically prevents platelets from adhering to artificial heart valves and it is given in conjunction with other anticoagulant drugs |
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Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor Drugs include: |
Aspirin (Bayer Children's Aspirin) cilostazol (Pletal) clopidogrel (Plavix) dipyridamole (Persantine) |
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What are combination platelet aggregation inhibitor drugs composed of? |
An over the counter and a prescription platelet aggregation inhibitor drug |
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Combination Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor Drugs include: |
Aggrenox |
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Thrombin inhibitor drugs inhibit the action of |
thrombin |
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Thrombin inhibitor drugs bind to |
receptor sites on both circulating thrombin and thrombin already incorporated in a blood clot |
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What are thrombin inhibitor drugs used to prevent |
deep vein thrombosis in patients undergoing joint replacement surgery, or to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation |
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Thrombin inhibitor drugs include: |
Angiomax Pradaxa Refludan |
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Aggrenox contains: |
Aspirin and Dipyridamole |
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Factor Xa inhibitor drugs inhibit the actions of _____________ in the blood |
Factor Xa, a subset of clotting factor X |
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Factor Xa Inhibitor drugs have ___ effect of thrombin or platelets. |
no |
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Factor Xa inhibitor drugs are used to prevent or treat |
deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing joint replacement surgery or abdominal surgery and to prevent the risk of a blood clot in patients with a history of atrial fibrillation or stroke |
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Factor Xa inhibitor drugs include: |
Eliquis Xarelto |
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______ decreases blood viscosity (thickness) and increases red blood cell flexibility to improve blood flow in patients with narrowing of the arteries and peripheral artery disease |
Trental |
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Thrombolytic drugs are used to |
lyse (break apart) a blood clot once it has formed |
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______ drugs bind to fibrin strands in the clot and then convert plasminogen in the clot to plasmin |
Thrombolytic |
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What is plasmin also known as? |
fibrinolysin |
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an enzyme that lyses fibrin |
plasmin |
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the combining form thromb/o means |
blood clot |
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combining form ly/o means |
to break down |
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the suffix -tic means |
pertaining to |
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the first drugs that could actually dissolve a blood clot |
thrombolytic enzyme drugs |
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Revolutionized the treatment of heart attack and stroke but no longer on the market |
thrombolytic enzyme drugs |
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A new category of thrombolytic drugs |
tissue plasminogen activator drugs |
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were created using recombinant DNA technology and can dissolve a blood clot
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tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) drugs |
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When are tPA drugs given? |
at the time of a myocardial infarction, stroke, or pulmonary embolism to dissolve a blood clot that has already formed in the coronary artery or within arteries to the brain or lungs |
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Also used to break up a blood clot in a ventral venous catheter or in an intravenous line |
tPA drugs |
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Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) drugs include: |
Activase Retavase TNKase |
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a decrease in the number of red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow
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Anemia |
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Anemia can be caused by |
an insufficient amount of amino acids, folic acid, iron or vitamin b12. |
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disease, cancer, radiation, or chemotherapy drugs that damage the red bone marrow where red blood cells are produced |
anemia |
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can be caused by excessive blood loss due to trauma or hemophilia or because of increased destruction of fragile red blood cells, as happen in sickle cell anemia |
anemia |
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Drugs used to treat anemia include: |
Epogen Procrit Feosol cyomin Anadrol-50 |
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an inherited generic abnormality that causes a deficiency of a specific clotting factor |
Hemophilia |
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caused by a lack of clotting factor VIII and is the most common type of hemophilia |
hemophilia A |
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caused by lack of factor IX |
hemophilia B |
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caused by a lack of factor XI |
hemophilia C |
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Patients with hemophilia |
continue to bleed for long periods of time following even a minor injury |
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the actual cellular gene that directs the liver to produce clotting factor IX |
the drug Coagulin-B |
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hemophiliac patients are also given |
transfusions of donated whole blood or of just clotting factors derived from donated blood |
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Phytonadione (Mephyton) |
a vitamin K drug that is given prophylactically to all newborns to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
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Newborns' blood levels of vitamin K are less than
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60% of the normal level for an adult |
