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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is physical dependence on drugs?
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this is when there are behavioral and physical symptoms occur when a drug is abruptly withdrawn.
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What is psychological dependence?
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a drug produces satisfaction and the drive to use it to avoid discomfort
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What is tolerance?
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this is an increased amount of drug is required to achieve the same effect
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What is conditioned tolerance?
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this is a loss of effect given in the same setting, meaning its more fun to do drugs in new places
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What is acute tolerance?
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this occurs with binge use of a drug, but this tolerance wears off
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What is sensitization?
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this is an increased responsiveness following multiple exposure to stimulants*
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What two neruotransmitters are involved in addiction?
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Dopamine and Serotonin
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What role does dopamine play in addiction?
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this is used in positive reinforcement- goes from VTA -> Nucleus accumbens/ frontal cortex.
Increased dopamine is used to reinforce drug seeing behavior |
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What role does Serotonin play in drug addiction?
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this plays a role in appetite and craving
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What are the common properties of abused drugs?
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cause euphoria or pleasurable sensation
have rapid onset/ short duration of action |
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What kind of drug is Amphetamine, Methamphetamine
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this is a sympathomimetic drug
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What is Amphetamine, Methamphetamine's method of action?
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this promotes the release of newly synthesized catecholamines
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What neuron type is particularly effected by Amphetamine, Methamphetamine ?
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dopamine neurons
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What are the side effects of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine?
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increased energy, decreased appetite, anxiety, insomnia, irritability
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How does smoking affect Amphetamine, Methamphetamine ?
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if you convert meth to a base and smoke it, this increases the rapidity of action
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What are the toxic effects of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine
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neruotoxic effects
cardiac toxicity meth mouth |
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How does Amphetamine, Methamphetamine affect the brain's set point?
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smoking meth sets you up for a high NE/ DA activity set point.
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What happens during detox from Amphetamine, Methamphetamine ?
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paranoia
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What is Cocaines method of action?
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this inhibits reuptake DA and NE
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What is the effect of Cocaine?
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this causes a powerful burst of energy and euphoria
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Can Cocaine be used "safely"?
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yes apparently using Cocaine only 2-3 times a week doesnt causes serious medical problems
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How does Cocaine affect the body?
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elevates BP
increases HR dilates pupils perspiration and pallor |
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What are the effects of chronic Cocaine use?
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this causes Formication/ cocaine bugs- scratching of the skin into open sores
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How can Cocaine be lethal?
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this can cause a rapid rise in BP and cerebral hemorrhage
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What are the signs of being a crack baby?
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placental detachment, premature labor, stillbirth, low birth weight, retarded growth, small head size
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What receptors does nicotine act on?
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this acts on nicotinic receptors in the CNS and periphery
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How does nicotine affect the body?
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this increases BP and HR
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How does nicotine affect the brain?
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this increases dopamine release
also affects memory and learning |
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What types of dependence does nicotine cause?
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psychological and physical dependence
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What drug is used to reduce the craving for nicotine?
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bupropion (Xyban)
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What drugs are given to treat alcohol withdrawal?
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Naltrexone- reduces craving
fluoxetine- treats depression buproprion- reduces cravings and depression |
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What type of dependence do barbituates usually create?
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physical dependence
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How does tolerance develop with barbituates?
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it develops quickly
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What is the only abused benzodiazepine?
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flunitrazepam (rohypnol)- date rape drug
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What are the effects of opioids? generally
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produces euphoria and reduces anxiety
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what is the mechanism for tolerance to develop with opioid use?
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this is due to receptor desensitization `
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How can tolerance to one opioid affect another?
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the cross tolerance between opioids means tolerance of one induces tolerance in all types
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What does methodone do for opioid withdrawal?
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this is used as a heroin substitute, to prevent withdrawal symptoms
slow absorption and no high |
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what does naltrexone do for opioid withdrawal?
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this blocks the high associated with opioid use
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What receptors does THC act on?
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this acts on cannabinoid receptors, and endogenous ligand receptors
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how fast is THC absorbed?
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rapidly absorbed by smoking
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What are the neruo effects of THC?
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rapid mood changes, altered perceptions "things go too fast"
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What is the most commonly used illegal drug in the US?
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THC
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is there physical dependence with THC?
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no there is not
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What are the medically useful effects of THC?
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antiemetic
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What is dronabinol (marinol)
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this is a THC like anti-emetic
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what receptors does LSD bind to?
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this binds to 5HT2 receptors in the brain
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what are the effects of LSD?
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euphoria and visual hallucinations
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does LSD produce dependence?
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no it does notq
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What drug is mescaline similar to, but weaker than?
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LSD
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What is psilocybin?
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this is the toxin in hallucinogenic mushrooms
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What does MDMA cause the release of?
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this stimulates the release of serotonin
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what are the cardiac effects of MDMA?
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may increase heart rate and blood pressure
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What are the fatalities causes by with MDMA?
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due to dehydration, hyperthermia
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What are the long term problems with MDMA?
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this causes degeneration of serotonin neurons, and thus persistent memory problems
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What is the original purpose of phencyclidine (PCP)
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this was a dissociative anesthetic
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what are the effects of phencyclidine (PCP)?
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physically aggressive behavior with hallucinations
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Why is it hard to control people on phencyclidine (PCP)?
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the analgesic effect leaves them unaware of pain
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what are the dangerous effects to the body with phencyclidine (PCP)?
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coma, hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis
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What is Ketamine normally used for?
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this is used as a general anesthetic in kids and animals
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What are the recreational effects of Ketamine ?
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delirum and amnesia
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what are the symptoms of inhaled drugs of abuse?
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burns around the lips or chemical smell
long term liver abuse kidney/liver damage bone marrow ablation |
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What are the overdose effects of nitrous oxide?
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unconsciousness, death
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What are the signs of chronic use for nitrous oxide?
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peripheral neuropathy
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What kind of drugs are amyl and butyl nitrite?
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these are smooth muscle relaxants (like all nitrates)
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