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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Logic
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Organized Body of Knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments
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Argument
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A group of statements one or more of which the premises are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe the conclusion.
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Statement
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A sentence that is either true or false
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Premise
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A statement in an argument that sets forth evidence or reasons
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Conclusion
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The statement in an argument that the premises are claimed to support or imply
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Inference
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The reasoning process used to produce an argument
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Proposition
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The information content of a statement
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Truth Value
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The attribute by which a statement is true
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Conditional Statement
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An if..., then.... statement
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Antecedent
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The section of a condition statement after if and before then
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Consequent
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The section of a conditional statement that follows then...
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Explanation
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A statement or group o statements intended to shed light on some event
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Illustration
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A kind of nonargument composed of statements intended to show what something means or how something is done
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Expository Passage
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A kind of nonargument consisting of a topic sentence and are or more sentences that expand on the topic sentence
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Deductive Argument
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An argument which the arguer claims are impossible for conclusion to be wrong
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Inductive Argument
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An argument which the arguer claims are improbable for the conclusion to be wrong.
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Argument based on Mathematics
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A deductive argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithematic or geometric computation or measurement.
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Argument From Definition
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A deductive argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely upon the definition of some words or phrases used in the premise or conclusion.
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Categorical Syllogism
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A syllogism in which all 3 statements are categorical prepositions. A syllogism in which all 3 statements begin with the words all, none, some, etc.
Ex: P1:All men are mortal P2: Socrates is a man C: Socrates is a mortal |
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Hypothetical Syllogism
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A syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises.
EX: P1:If john loves mary, then he will marry her P2: John loves marry C: John will marry Mary |
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Disjunctive Syllogism
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A syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its premises.
Ex:P1:either mary is a republican or a democrat P2: She is not a republican C: She is a democrat |
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Argument From Analogy
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An inductive argument that depends on the existence of a similiarity between 2 things or states of affairs
Ex:P1: Entity A has Features a,b,c and z P2: Entity B has features a,b,c C: Entity B will probably have feature z |
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Generalization
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An inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group.
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Prediction
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An inductive argument that proceeds from our knowledge of a selected claim about the future.
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Argument from Authority
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An inductive argument that concluded something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is.
Ex:P1:Authority X claims C C: C is either true or false |
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Arguments Based on Signs
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An inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign is symbolizing.
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Casual Inference
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An inductive argumnent that proceeds from the knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect.
Ex: Cause leads to a effect, or Effect leads to a cause |
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Valid Argument
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An argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given the premises are true. Any argument that doesnt have true premises and a false conclusion
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Invalid Argument
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A deductive argument which its possible for conclusion to be wrong given the premises are true. Only invalid argument is true premises and false conclusion
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Sound Argument
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A deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises. So all true premises and true conclusion
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Unsound argument
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A deductive argument that is either invalid or has one of the premises are false.Any argument that is not sound
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Strong Argument
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An inductive argument in which its improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true.
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Weak Argument
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An inductive argument in which the conclusion doesn't follow probably from the premises.
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Cogent Argument
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An inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises
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Uncogent argument
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An inductive argument that is either weak or has on or more false premises.
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