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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plato's Theaetetus |
-Knowledge as Arts and Sciences -Knowledge as Perception -Knowledge as True Belief -Knowledge as Justified True Belief (TAK) |
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The New Analysis of ‘Knowledge’
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Knowledge as Warranted True Belief (not in Theatetus)
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Gettier Example
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Smith and Jones apply for the same job. Smith justifiably believes that Jones is the man who will get the job, and Jones has 10 coins [= P]Smith justifiably believes that P entails Q, where Q = The man who gets the job has 10 coins, Smith justifiably believes that Q [LJC]However, as luck would have it, Smith gets the job and has 10 coins. Q is a justified true belief.But Smith does not know that Q
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Global Individual Relativism
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relativism about all judgments aka. Broad Protagoreanism: “encompassing all judgments, especially judgments concerning values”
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Social Constructivism
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(Prinz): Our access to the world is filtered through social practices, Truthmakers include cultural standpoints, conceptual schemes, theoretical frameworks, social practices, etc., There are many perspectives on the world that have equal claim to truth
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Fallibilism vs. Infallibilism
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“… it is possible for a person to be justified in believing a proposition that is in fact false.” Vs the view that if someone is justified in believing a proposition, then the proposition must be true
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Skepticism vs. Dogmatic Skepticism
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Skepticism: No one knows anything (Socrates, Arcesilaus, Carneades) vs Dogmatic Skepticism: Some know that no one knows anything (Philo of Larissa, Antiochus)
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Self-Revealing Impressions
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(SRIs) are particular experiences, The visual perception of the cat on the mat, SRIs are the criterion of truth, SRIs are clear and distinct, Judgments about SRIs are infallible: If one judges that the cat is on the mat based on a SRI, then [it is true that] the cat is on the mat.
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Empiricism vs. Rationalism; Concept Empiricism vs. Concept Rationalism
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Empiricism =df. All knowledge is a posteriori (comes from experience) vs Rationalism =df. Some knowledge is a prior (prior to; knowable independent of experience).
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A Posteriori vs. A Priori Knowledge
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Knowledge gained only after experience vs knowledge before or independent of experience
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Basic Concepts
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Experiences: appearances, sensations, impressions; Propositions: properties: true, false; necessary, impossible, contingent; Concepts: parts of propositions; analogous to predicates of sentences; Theories: sets of propositions; properties: consistent, inconsistent; Arguments: properties: valid, invalid; sound (valid with true premises), unsound; Propositional Knowledge: knowledge-that (vs. how): Joe knows that he has a hand
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Plato’s Theaetetus: Five Definitions of ‘Knowledge’
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1. Knowledge as Arts & Sciences: Socrates: What is knowledge? Theaetetus: “… geometry, astronomy, harmonics, and arithmetic, as well as the crafts or skills of cobbling and so on” An analysis is a set of necessary and sufficient conditions, Analyses should not be circular; definition 1 is circular, Analyses should be concise yet informative; definition 1 is not. 2. Knowledge as Perception: Narrow Protagoreanism identifies knowledge with perception. However, knowledge involves judgment, which is a form of conception not perception, Broad Protagoreanism entails Global Individual Relativism, which is problematic 3. Knowledge as True Belief (or True Judgment): Suppose that members of a jury are persuaded to believe, due to the fallacious arguments of a prosecutor, that a defendant is guilty. As luck would have it, the defendant is guilty. They formulate a true judgment but it is not knowledge (Gettier is counterexample) 4. Knowledge as Justified True Belief (True Judgment with Logos) 5. Knowledge as Warranted True Belief
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Knowledge & Truth
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Propositions are truth-bearers, things that have truth-values: truth, falsity, etc.; Truthmakers provide the “ontological ground” for propositions (§ 1) The Truthmaker Thesis: For every contingent (non-necessary) truth, there is something that makes it true (§ 2) The Simple View: Truthmakers are parts of space-time: agents, events, & facts; Agents are individuals that exist, like Cindy or Joe, Events are things that occur or happen, like a baseball game or a wedding, Actions are kinds of events, like Joe raising his hand, Facts are states of affairs that obtain; like events but events are more local
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Kinds of Relativism
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Global vs. Local Relativism, Global Individual Relativism vs. Moral or Philosophical Relativism, Individual vs. Cultural Relativism, Global Individual Relativism vs. Social Constructivism
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Theories of Truth
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Realist Views: The Correspondence Theory: True judgments correspond with reality, The Simple View (see above), Moral Objectivism; Non-Realist Views; Relativism (see above): Racial Constructivism, Racial Individualism; Quasi-realism; Non-Propositional Views: Truth as Way of Life (Hester & Chaney)
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Skepticism, Rationalism, & Empiricism: Ancients
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Perceptions vs. Conceptions, Global vs. Local Skepticism, Two Schools of Ancient Skepticism: Academic Skepticism (Socrates, Arcesilaus, Carneades), Know that Academic Skepticism grew dogmatic (Philo of Larissa, Antiochus), Pyrrhonism (Pyrrho, Aenesidemus, Sextus Empiricus); Stoic Epistemology: Dogmatism, Infallibilism, Foundationalism, & Empiricism, Self-Revealing Impressions are clear, distinct, and infallible; Problems for Skepticism: The Theoretical Problem, The Practical Problem (responses given below), Arcesilaus’ Practical Criterion: The Reasonable, Carneades’ Practical Criteria: The Plausible; the Irreversible; & the Tested, Sextus Empiricus’ 4 Practical Criteria: Nature’s guidance in experience & thought, Compulsion of feelings, The tradition of customs & laws, Instruction in arts & crafts, Practical vs. Dogmatic Belief
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