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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Arthropoda general facts, pt 1
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- largest phylum
- closest relative are Tardigrada (water bears) and Onycophora (velvet worms) - |
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Phylum Tardigrada
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- AKA "water bears"
- v small - terrestrial, marine, freshwater; spaces between sand grains on a beach - 4 pr legs - first time we've seen a real leg, tho unjointed - in absence of water, forms a *tun* |
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tun
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protective stasis capsule for Phylum Tardigrada. resistant to high/low temperature, near-total vacuum, and very, very high radiation levels.
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Phylum Onyncophora
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- AKA "velvet worms"
- true legs, no joints - tropical forests - |
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Onycophora: BAsics
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- dermal pappillae and velvet-like scale covering
- oral papillae secrete mucus which is used to capture prey - little cephalization, cuticle similar to arthropods - some body part segmentation |
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The success of Arthropoda: Why?
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Four characteristics contribute:
Metamerism/Tagmatizaiton Exoskeleton - Hemocoel - Metamorphosis |
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Matamerism/Tagmatization in Arthropoda
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External segmentation not reflected in internal
- Permits specialization of body regions for specific fxns |
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Arthropoda: Cuticle/Exoskeleton
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- provides attachment sites for muscles internal organs
- Protection against physical injury or invasion by pathogens - Slows water loss This allows for more/different territory than previously-covered species - an external and jointed - usu made of chitin except in marine, where CaCO3 - ARTICULAR MEMBRANES cover joints and are more flexible than chitin |
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Arthropoda:
Exoskeleton limitations |
- does not allow for growth of the organism. For growth to happen, molting must occur
- molt leaves the animal very vulnerable for a period of time during which it's largely undefended from any & all comers - constraints maximum body size |
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Arthropoda:
Hemocoel |
- Internal cavity used in circ system
- DOES NOT arise from coelom - organs in hemocoel, bathed in HEMOLYMPH (blood functionary), as excretory, nutrient, and gas exchange method - coelom exists but only around gonads, excretory organs |
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Arthropoda:
Metamorphosis |
A substantial change in body form between juveniles and adults
- Adults and juveniles often live in different habitats, and have different behaviors, feeding habits, etc. - This can reduce competition between adults and immature stages - It can also aid in dispersal (larvae) - Not all arthropods go through metamorphosis, however |
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Arthropoda: Basic Anatomy
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- Paired, jointed appendages
- Ventral nervous system - Complete digestive system - Most are dioecious |
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Arthropoda: Subphyla
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- Chelicerata
- Crustacea - Myriapoda - Hexapoda |
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Subphylum Chelicerata
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- AKA "horseshoe crabs"
- usu terrestrial but some marine, freshwater - wide size range <1 mm to 5m - majority are carnivores, some are parasites |
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Chelicerata: External anatomy
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- PROSOMA or CEPHALOTHORAX - sensory organs, feeding, and locomotion
- ABDOMEN or OPISTHOSOMA - digestive, reproduction, excretory, respiratory organs |
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Chelilcerata:
External Anatomy II |
6 pr of appendages, last 4 the walking legs. 1st pr the CHELICERAE, 2d pr the PEDIPALPS (multi-use - sensory, feeding, locomotion, reproduction)
- No antennae |
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Chelicerata, Class Merostomata
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- ancient grp, 4 spp
- 1st 3 walking legs are CHELATE (pincherlike) - BOOK GILLS are resp. system - spikelike tail called TELSON - eats annelids, other inverts |
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Cryptobiosis
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- Tardigrada's encapsulation to resist water-deficient death
- highly resistant to extremes of temp and radiation. |
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Chelicerata, Class Arachnida
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- walking legs are NOT chelate
- Chelicerae modged for piercing or chewing - pedipalps variable in appearance - Resp sys= BOOK LUNGS (likely modded from book gill) or TRACHEAE |
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Tracheae
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respiration for some of Arachnida
- consist of SPIRACLES, an entry pt of air, which circulates between page-like LAMELLAE |
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Arachnida
common names |
- spiders,
-ticks/mites - scorpions |
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Arachnida
Gen'l Characteristics |
Variety sensory structures (sensilla, setae) for chemoreception
- Most 1 or more pr eyes - almost exclusively dioecious, often sexually dimorphic (female>male) - Males repro uses SPERMATOPHORES (oacket of sperm) to transfer sperm to females - Many tend developing eggs. - NO METAMORPHOSIS |
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Arachnida:
Excretion |
- excrete URIC ACID from 1 of 2 organs
- COXAL GLANDS are sacs bathed by HEMOLYMPH that collect wastes and excrete through pore at base of posterior appendages -MALPHIGIAN TUBULES are blind-ending tubules of the gut tract; collect nitrogenous wastes, excrete them with digestive wastes |
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Arachnida, Order Scorpiones
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- all terrestrial
- most nocturnal - carnivore on other invertebrates - pedipals modded to lg pinchers - Posses PECTINES on ventral side (comblike sensory organs, chemoreceptors and pick up vibrations) - Opisthosomadivided into MESOSOMA (abdomen) & METASOMA (tail) - METASOMA tipped with TELSON (stinger) & venom glands |
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Scorpiones:
Reproduction |
- Oviviparous (eggs dev inside female) or Viviparous (nourishment inside mother)
- Offspring born alive, carried on mom's back till 1st molt |
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Arachnida, Order Aranaea
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- chelicerae modded into fangs usu w poison glands
- pedipalps leg-like tip expanded in males for reproduction - all carnivores, diff hunting modes - SPINNERETS on abdomen |
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Order Aranaea:
Reprodction |
- males weave sperm web, lay sperm in tip of pedipalp
- females lay eggs in an egg sac - some females carry or guard offspring after birth, no livebearing spiders - spiderlings may disperse by ballooning |
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Arachnida, Order Opiliones:
Harvestment, Daddy Longlegs |
- resembles v long legged spiders
- all terrestrial - carnivores, omnivores - NO venom glands - oviparous, dep eggs in/on ground |
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Arachnida, Order Acari:
Mites & Ticks |
- primarily terrestrial,some freshwater or marine
- small to v small (<1 mm) - Chelicerae & pedipalps mod for piercing, biting, anchoring, & sucking. Might be fused for piercing structure - + ectoparasites of vertebrates or invert - others, herbivore, scavengers or carnivores - undergo slight metamorphosis in parasitic lifestyle - may lack 1 or more pr of legs - Prosoma and Opisthosoma are fused |
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Acari:
Parasites |
- some spread disease (Lyme, Rocky Mtn. Spotted Fever)
- Follicle mites live in hair follicles - Commonparasites of dogs, cats, other animals associated w humans - 6-legged larvae of ticks called "seed ticks". Get 8 legs in 1st or 2nd molt. |
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Other chelicerates
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Pseudoscorpion, vinegaroon/whip scorpion, solfugid/camel spider, amblypygid/whipspider
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Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea:
Shrimp, Crabs, Lobsters, Crayfish, Barnacles, & Relatives |
- primarily aquatic some terrestrial
- most carnivorous, some parasitic, some filter feeders - 2pr antennae - BIRAMOUS (branched) appendages - MANDIBLES are main mouthpart |
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Crustacea: Class Malacostraca
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- primarily marine
- some laterally compressed & swim, some dorsoventrally compressed & usu crawl - ALL HAVE GILLS |
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Malacostraca
Body Form |
2 regions - cephalothorax and abdomen, which is segmented
- CARAPACE shield-like, protects soft bits of cephalothorax -muscular tail flexible, for swimming - in chelicerates, appendages attached to cephalothorax. Not necessarily so in Malacostracans |
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Malacostraca:
Appendages |
- paired in both body regions, 18 pr in most species
- MANDIBLES and MAXILLAE (1st two pr.s of appendages) used for feeding, usu have gills - 5 pr Walking legs and 5 pr swimmerets - CHELIPEDS are lg pinchers that are modded walking legs in males swimmeret might be modded for sperm production |
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Malacostraca:
Gas exchange, circulation |
- respiratory pigment carries gases, uses Cu, not Fe to carry O, with a muscular heart
- gills attached base of appendages, exchange gases,blood in gill chamber under carapace - Dorsal & ventral blood vessels connect hemocoel sinuses |
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Malacostraca:
Nervous System |
- ventral nervous sys w fused ganglia in ea segment, lgest ganglion in head region
- antenna are primary chemoreceptors - many other receptors on appendages; compounds eyes on stalks, simple eyes, chemoreceptors, tactile receptors - statocyst with cemented sand grains |
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Malacostraca:
Excretion and Reproduction |
- excrete ammonia from antennal glands or maxillary glands (structurally similar to coxal glands)
- gill surfaces important for osmoreg - dioecious w copulation, sexual dimorphism (female>male) - females brood eggs till hatching - You resemble adults in some, but planktonic in others |
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Crustacea, Class Branchipoda:
Brine Shrimp, Cladocerans |
- mostly freshwater, some marine
- Most sm, planktonic thofairy & some bring shrimp relatively lg - Dioecious, monoecious, or parthenogenic - many adapted to life in ephemeral pools |
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Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda:
Copepods |
- all aquatic, marine & fresh
- V tiny may be plankonic or BENTHIC (live on sediments) - May be most abundant amimals on earth - mostly filter feeder, some predatory, parasitic - reduced # appendages - none on abdomen -resemble rotifers but no corona, have "arms" - Carry eggs inside like rotifers - Parasitic copepods are parasitic on fish esp shark eyeball |
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Crustacea, Class Maxillopoda:
Barnacles |
- planktonic larvae that a little resemble copepods, sedentary as adults
- attach rocks, ships, docks, animals - adults have calcareous plates that resemble mollusc shells - filter feed, some few parasitic - exclusively marine - most monoecious, w extensible penis |
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Subphylum Myriapoda:
Millipedes, Centipedes, & ALlies |
- all terrestrial
- Carnivorous (centipedes) or herbivorous (millipedes) - 2 body regions, head & trunk - 1 pr antennae - mandibles - TEN TO >750 PR LEGS - all walking legs. mandibles only other appendage |
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Myriapoda, Class Diplopoda:
Millipedes |
-usu 30+ pr legs, TWO PR/SEGMENT
- Body usu round in cross section or oblong - Mandibles modded to chew - + have REPUGNANTORIAL GLANDS that make foul-smell liquid for defense, along w tasting REALLY BAD. Also poop in defense -often found in leaf litter, under decaying logs, etc. - slow-moving; diurnal or nocturnal - Dioecious; females lay eggs - Males may use spermatophores or GONOPODS |
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Myriapoda, Class Chilopoda:
Centipedes |
- usu 15+ pr legs, 1 PAIR/SEGMENT
- body usu flattened in cross sxn - 1st pr appendages modded to FORCIPULES or POISON CLAWS (usu not dangerous to human) - found leaf litter or under debris; house centipedes often inside bldgs - FAST-moving; nocturnal - dioecious, females may brood eggs & young - males produce a spermatophore |
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Subphylum Hexapoda:
Insects & Relatives |
- >1M descrived sp, est >5-30M
- Most terrestrial, some aquatic - many sp aquatic as juveniles, terrestrial as adults - 3 body regions: head, thorax, abdomen - MANDIBULATE MOUTHPARTS often v modded - canivores, herbivores, omnivores, or parasite - 3 pr legs on THORAX - 1 pr antennae - Wings! If it has wings it's an insect and an arthropod |
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Class Insecta:
Flight |
-1st animals to develop, allows migration, new food sources or mvoe to find more, escape predatorrs
- Wings have thickened, hollow VEINS for strength & nutrient transport to wings - Most can fold wings over back except mayflies (Order Ephemeroptera) & damselflies (Order Odonata) - many wings v maneuverable, some can hover - wings ma be modded reduced or absent - wings ONLY in adults except in mayflies, where next to last stage has nonfxnal wings |
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Insecta:
Types of flight |
- INDIRECT or ASYNCHRONOUS FLIGHT - spastic, multiple flaps v fast, one nervous impulse for several wing beats
- caused by muscles attached to exoskeleton, changing shape of the body and snapping the wings to make thrust - DIRECT or SYNCHRONOUS FLIGHT - one nervous impulse per wing beat, cause by muscles attached to wings contracting for downward thrust |
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Insecta:
Appendages |
- insects may run, walk, jump, swim, burrow, or skate on water surface
- b/c of this, many have hily modded limbs - lags may also be modded for catching prey, such as RAPTORIAL LEGS in mantids |
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Insecta:
Feeding & Digestion |
-4 types mouthparts: labrum, maxilla, labium (move food around) and mandible (chew)
- Long, straight digestion system typical of all arthropods made of FOREGUT (muscular pharynx & crop), MIDGUT (digestion & absorption), and HINDGUT (instestine, reabsorbs water) - foregut & hindgut lined in cuticle, which is shed in molt |
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Insecta:
Gas Exchange |
- TRACHEAE in body open to outside cia SPIRACLES
Direct O2 exchange into plasma - Most insects have methods for ventilating tracheae to outside, not just passive airflow - aquatic have gills or diffuse gas across body walls, or carry bubbles underwater |
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tracheae
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In Insecta, chitin-lined tubes that open to the outside via spiracles (holes in the exoskeleton)
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Insecta:
Circulation & Excretion |
Open circ system. Less developed than, but similar to other arthropods - blood not used in gas exchange, O2 is carried in plasma called hemolymph
-some insects generate heat by rapid contraction of flight muscles w/o flight, called SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS - Malpighian tube excrete uric acid |
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Insecta:
Nervous System |
Similar to annelids and other arthropods
- + have 2 enlarged ganglia in the head - BRAIN and SUBESOPHAGEAL GANGLION (associated with mouthparts) - segmental gangliaoccur along ventral nerve cord - some insects capable of learning & memory |
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Insecta:
Chemical Regulation |
- Have ENDOCRINE GLANDS thatrelease HORMONES, which may control many biological processes like molting, growth, etc.
- PHEROMONES are released chemicals that cause behavioral changes in other individuals (sex, alarm) |
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Insecta:
Reproduction |
- + have complex mating behaviors & internal fertilization
-pheromones, visual signals, or auditory signals may be involved in displays - Females of many sp deposit eggs w an ovipositor - Male member, itiagus, and the female genital opening can be a species-exclusive arrangement called a "lock and key mechanism." |
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Types of Development in Insecta
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-Ametabolous Development (least common)
-Hemimetabolous Development -Holometabolous Development |
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Ametabolous Development
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-immature stages are sm adults
-no metamorphosis - only change is dev of adult repro structures - Found on in more primitive *wingless* hexapods |
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Hemimetabolous Development
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-immature stages, "nymphs," usu look like sm adults
- as age juveniles develop wings, adult repro structures - sometimes called "simple metamorphosis" |
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Holometabolous Development
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Larvae, immature stages, don't resemble adylts
- Larvae often worm/grublike - larvae go thru resting stage, "pupa" - Pupae often (not always) encased in cocoon - Inside pupa, larva retransformed into an adult - called "complete metamorphosis" |
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Insecta:
Social Insects |
- all ants & termites, some bees & wasps have hi'ly develeloped social systems
- refered to as EUSOCIAL insects - individuals form large colonies (which acts as a "superorganism"), almost entirely female, with castes (division of labor w body appropriate to position/job) - 1 or a handful for breeding, the queens - Other females are sterile; they're workers, foragers, or soldiers - Males are usu called drones and just for mating - Termites mix this up, can have queen & king, workers are m & f, tho usu juveniles. |
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Most damaging organism to humans
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the mosquito
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