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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Some insects, frogs and fish survive extreme cold by:
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stocking their blood with lots of glycerol at the beginning of winter
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Set points for temperature and body fat:
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change depending on many conditions
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Generating heat is to ____ as radiating heat is to ____.
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total body mass; surface area
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Which organisms, if any, use behavioral means to regulate their body temperature?
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both poikilothermic and homeothermic
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The physiological changes that defend body temperature are mainly controlled by the:
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preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus
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One advantage of being homeothermic is that it:
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enables the individual to stay active even when the environment is cool
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When the range maintained by homeostatic processes is very narrow, what is it called?
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a set point
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Beyond about 40° or 41°C, ___ begin to break their bonds and lose their useful properties.
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proteins
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The POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring:
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its own temperature
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When bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other intruders invade the body, it mobilizes ____ to attack them.
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leukocytes
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Humans expend most of their energy on what activity?
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maintaining basal metabolism
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A person is most likely to shiver when the:
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the skin and preoptic area are both cold
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The term ____ refers to biological processes that regulate body temperature within a fixed range.
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homeothermic
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What is the benefit of maintaining a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?
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warmer muscles
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Homeostasis is to ____, as allostasis is to ____.
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constant; variable
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Some set points may vary considerably over time in order to respond to changes in the environment. This adaptability is known as:
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allostasis
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Damage to the preoptic area causes an animal to:
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fail to shiver and sweat sufficiently
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If an experimenter cools the preoptic area of an animal in a warm environment, the animal will:
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shiver
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If an experimenter heats the preoptic area of an animal in a cool environment, the animal will:
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pant or sweat
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A fever:
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is part of the body's defense against illness
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If an animal which lacks physiological mechanisms of temperature control gets an infection, it:
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chooses a hotter environment
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Large birds, like flamingos, often stand on one leg to:
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warm the leg that is tucked under the body
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How do reptiles control their body temperature, if at all?
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they move to different locations in the environment
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What defines a homeostatic process?
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the maintenance of variable body functions within a certain range
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Cells in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitor which temperatures?
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their own and skin
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Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures which:
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are the same as the temperatures of their environment
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Processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point are known as:
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negative feedback
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Much of motivated behavior can be described as:
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negative feedback
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Homeothermic organisms include:
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mammals and birds
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In response to infection, leukocytes release proteins called:
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cytokines
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The temperature required by reproductive cells of birds and most mammals is:
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lower than the rest of the body
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Blood vessel constriction, shivering, and sweating are controlled by which area of the brain?
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preoptic area of the hypothalamus
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Why did mammals evolve a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius?
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They benefit from a high temperature because they seldom need to cool themselves by much.
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Poikilothermic organisms include:
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amphibians and reptiles
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Aldosterone triggers:
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an increased preference for salty tastes
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What is the hormone released by the posterior pituitary that causes your kidneys to reabsorb and conserve water?
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antudieuretic horomone
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The tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable membrane from the area of low solute concentration to the area of higher concentration is termed:
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osmotic pressure
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Individuals who have lost sodium and other solutes:
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may experience a craving for salty tastes
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Hypovolemia induces thirst by inducing production of which hormone?
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angiotensin II
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The brain can anticipate an osmotic need before the rest of the body actually experiences it:
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because the stomach can detect high levels of sodium
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What is caused by a high concentration of solutes outside the cells?
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water flows out of cells
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The areas important for detecting osmotic pressure and the salt content of the blood include:
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organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) and subfornical organ
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Approximately what percent of the mammalian body is composed of water?
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70%
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Consuming too much salt will trigger ____ thirst. Bleeding or heavy sweating will trigger ____ thirst.
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osmotic; hypovolemic
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Which hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water?
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vasopressin
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What causes hypovolemic thirst?
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low blood volume
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Your posterior pituitary is most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
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if you are very thirsty
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After an increase in the solute concentrations in the body, you will experience:
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osmotic thirst
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The areas around the third ventricle can detect chemicals circulating in the blood because:
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these areas are not protected by a blood-brain barrier
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Sodium specific hunger is closely associated with:
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hypovolemic thirst
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The rate at which the posterior pituitary releases vasopressin is under the control of the:
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supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
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What kind of thirst is produced by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood?
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osmotic
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A combination of the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin leads to an increase in preference for ____ tastes.
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salty
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Vasopressin raises blood pressure by:
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constricting the blood vessels
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An animal knows when to stop drinking by:
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detecting how much water is in the stomach
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A rat with damage to its lateral preoptic area:
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has impaired osmotic thirst
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What effect does the hormone angiotensin II have?
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constriction of blood vessels
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What is the cause of osmotic thirst?
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increased concentration of solutes in the blood
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Like vasopressin, ____ constricts the blood vessels, compensating for the drop in blood pressure.
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angiotensis II
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Vasopressin and angiotensin II are similar in that they both promote:
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increased blood pressure
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The lateral preoptic area and surrounding parts of the hypothalamus control:
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drinking
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After a loss of blood volume, an animal will:
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alternately drink pure water and excessively concentrated saltwater
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The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from:
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receptors around the third ventricle
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Eating salty pretzels would most likely result in:
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craving for plain water
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Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the:
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extracellular fluid
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Diabetes insipidus literally means "passing without taste" because the urine is produced in such large quantities that it is tasteless. This disease is most likely caused by a problem with the production or release of:
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vasopressin
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The effect of an injection of a drug that blocks angiotensin II receptors would be:
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decreased drinking
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What is the most likely reason that many people consider eating insects "disgusting"?
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a culturally learned preference
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____ signals the brain about the body’s fat reserves, providing a long-term indicator of whether meals have been too large or too small.
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leptin
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Obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome is linked to a problem with:
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ghrelin
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When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone?
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cholekcytokinin
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What is the name for an animal that eats only plants?
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herbivore
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Anorexia nervosa is to ____ as bulimia nervosa is to ____.
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undereating; binge eating
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The finding that many Native American Pimas have become seriously overweight within the past several decades suggests that:
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their genetic makeup and changing environment have lead to their obesity
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Glucagon stimulates the liver to covert ____ to ____
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glycogen; glucose
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Why does the level of glucose in the blood vary so little under normal circumstances?
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the liver can convert stored nutrients into glucose
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding feeding behavior?
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All of the other choices are true regarding feeding behavior
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Output from the paraventricular nucleus acts on the:
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lateral hypothalamus
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CCK, insulin, and leptin provide excitatory input to the ____ neurons in the ____ nucleus.
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satiety-sensitive; arcuate
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Which of the following groups of people would most likely benefit from taking leptin?
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obese people who fail to produce leptin
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The majority of people with ____ are ____.
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anorexia;women
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When neuropeptide Y inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, it:
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produces extreme overeating
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Which hormonal levels occur when people are eating, or getting ready to eat?
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insulin levels rise
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Chronically high insulin levels lead to increased appetite by:
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causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat
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Which of the following is probably the most important mechanism for ending a meal?
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sensations from the stomach
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Which of the following would result in an increase in body weight?
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damage to the paraventricular nucleus
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The small intestine:
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digests proteins, fats and carbohydrates
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Animals with damage in or near the ventromedial hypothalamus gain weight:
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even if they eat the same amount as a normal animal
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Which of the following is NOT true about the hormone CCK (cholecystokinin)?
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CCK crosses the blood brain barrier and inhibits cells in the hypothalamus
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Which area of the hypothalamus seems to be critical for the ending of meals?
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paraventricular nucleus
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An animal is most likely to eat more frequently and gain weight after damage to the:
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ventromedial hypothalamus
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An injection of CCK will:
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decrease the size of the next meal
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Most young mammals stop nursing, at least partly, due to the loss of what ability?
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metabolizing sugar in the milk
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What best explains the absence of the use of dairy products in many Asian cuisines?
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digestive limitations
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The first digestive site that absorbs a significant amount of nutrients is the:
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duodenum
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An animal that eats an unfamiliar food and then becomes ill develops a conditioned taste aversion. One feature of this type of learning that sets it apart from many other examples of learning is that:
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the conditioning occurs even if the illness comes hours after the food
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A drug that stimulates melanocortin receptors would most likely:
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decrease meal size
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An increase in the size of meals is most likely to occur following damage to which area of the hypothalamus?
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paraventricular
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By what means does the brain find out about the nutrient content of food in the stomach?
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activity of the splanchnic nerves
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In sham-feeding, animals are:
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allowed to chew and swallow but food never enters the stomach
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For most obese individuals, giving them leptin would:
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likely have not much of an effect
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What happens when blood insulin levels are extremely low?
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individuals will eat more than normal
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If the duodenum is partly distended and the stomach is not full, rats will:
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stop eating
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Taste and other mouth sensations contribute to:
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hunger and satiety
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What happens when insulin levels are high?
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glucose entry into the cell increases
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The ____ increases the pituitary gland’s secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion.
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lateral hypothalamus
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What does the eating cycle of bulimia have in common with addictive drugs?
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both activate the brain's reinforcement areas
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Under what condition does orexin motivate animals to eat?
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when approaching starvation
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What happens when insulin levels remain high after completing a meal?
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the individual feels hungry again soon after eating the meal
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In the control of appetite, CCK, leptin, and insulin converge their excitatory effects onto hypothalamic cells that release transmitters in the ____ family.
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melanocortin
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The esophagus brings food from the:
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mouth to the stomach
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What is the first point in the digestive system where enzymes begin to break down food?
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mouth
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Leptin directly activates receptors in the part of the hypothalamus known as the:
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arcuate nucleus
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The large intestine:
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absorbs water and minerals
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Fructose, used in corn syrup as a sweetener, may lead to increased obesity by:
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failing to signal satiety
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Which of the following would most likely eat a BLT sandwich (Bacon, Lettuce, Tomato)?
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omnivore
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What is the name for an animal that eats only meat?
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carnivore
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An animal refuses food and loses weight after damage to the:
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lateral hypothalamus
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Which hormone controls the rate at which glucose leaves the blood and enters the cells?
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insulin
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Which of the following is more common among young females who are hardworking and perfectionistic?
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anorexia
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An animal has trouble digesting its food after damage to the:
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lateral hypothalamus
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Electrical stimulation of a rat's lateral hypothalamus would most likely result in:
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increase in food seeking behaviors
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What are two reasons why animals with ventromedial hypothalamic damage overeat?
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rapid stomach emptying and high insulin levels
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Bears eat as much as they can at one time because:
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their main foods are available in large quantities for a short period of time
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What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream?
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small intestine
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A shipwrecked sailor lands on a deserted island that has no familiar foods. During the first few days he would be most likely to choose what kind of foods?
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sweet
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What happens when blood levels of insulin are extremely low?
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there is excess glucose in the blood but it cannot enter the cells
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High levels of leptin are associated with:
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increased activity and decreased eating
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Hunger and satiety-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus affect neurons in the ____, thereby affecting meal size.
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paraventricular nucleus
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The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from:
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the vagus nerve
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Small birds generally eat:
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only what they need at the moment
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Which of the following behaviors would be most affected by damage to the cell bodies of the lateral hypothalamus?
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feeding behavior
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What is one reason why animals with a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus eat so little?
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they experience a decreased cortical response to the sight and smell of food
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A Danish study correlating the weights of 540 adopted children with various adoptive and biological relatives found:
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a higher correlation with biological relatives than adoptive relatives
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After a certain age, most mammals lose their ability to metabolize lactose because:
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levels of the enzyme lactase decline
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Why do both high levels and very low levels of insulin lead to increased eating?
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little glucose is reaching the cell to be used as fuel
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Animals eat more frequent (but normal size) meals after damage to the ____. They eat larger meals (but at normal frequency) after damage to the ____.
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ventromedial hypothalamus; paraventricular nucleus
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If an animal eats a new food and shortly thereafter becomes ill, it will probably avoid the food subsequently because the:
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animals aquire a conditioned taste aversion
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Hunger-motive neurons in the arcuate nucleus would be most excited by:
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tasty food
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Many kinds of information impinge onto two kinds of cells in the ____ of the hypothalamus, which is regarded as the “master area” for control of appetite
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arcuate nucleus
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Ghrelin is associated with ____ in the periphery and ____ in the brain.
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stomach contractions; excitation of the arcuate nucleus
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