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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
AMU of an atom is based on the number of ___ and ___.
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protons + neutrons = AMU
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electrons can be added or removed from an atom thereby creating ___.
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-ion
-an ion is an atom that has developed a charge. |
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Neutrons can be added or removed from an atom thereby creating an ___.
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isotope
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an ion made of several atoms with just a single charge
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polyatomic ion
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produced in urine
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ammonium ion
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ion associated with the blood and respiratory system
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carbonate ion
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ion acts as a buffer and is associated with the blood and the respiratory system
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bicarbonate ion
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associated with the bones, cell membrane, and cell reproductive (to name a few) and any chemical reaction involving a process called ___.
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phosphate ion, phosphorylation
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the measure of hydrogen ions in the solution
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pH
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Hydrogen ions have a ___ characteristic
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acidic
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If the pH is abnormal, the enzymes will ___ and therefore the chemical reactions will slow down or cease.
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denature
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the p in pH stands for the word, "___." It is english for ___.
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potentia, power
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The more hydrogen ions that are present, the ___ the pH becomes
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lower
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the pH numbers on the pH scale are ___ log values
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negative
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A ___ is any chemical that will resist changes in pH
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buffer
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carbohydrates are made of 3 things...
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carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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what enzyme breaks down lactose to form ___ and ___
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lactase, to form glucose and galactose
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what enzyme breaks down sucrose (table sugar) to form ___ and ___
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sucrase, to form glucose and fructose
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what enzyme breaks down maltose (found in beer) to form two monomers of ___
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maltase, monomers of glucose
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what enzyme breaks down starch (found in bread and potatoes) to form many monomers of ___
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amylase, monomers of glucose
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the liver can make a polysaccharide (and store it) called ___.
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glycogen
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the enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates are called...
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carbohydrases
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the enzyme that breaks down protein are collectively called...
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proteases
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the enzyme that break down lipids are collectively called...
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lipases
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what is function of calcitonin
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hormone from thyroid gland that causes bone cells to remove calcium ions from the bloodstream.
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what is function of parathormone
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hormone from thyroid gland that causes bone cells to put calcium ions into the bloodstream.
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a negative feedback mechanism exhibits ___.
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fluctuation
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the inside of the cell is made of a lot of water generally referred to as the ___ of the cell.
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cytosol
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are chromosomes organelles?
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no
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nucleus is ___ and ___ is plural
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nucleus, nuclei
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function of ribosomes
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produce protein
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describe steps of function of ribosomes
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1. we digest protein
2. the digested protein forms individual amino acid units 3. the amino acids enter the cell. 4. the amino acids enter the ribosomes 5. the ribosomes assemble the amino acids to make a protein the cell needs |
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describe steps of function of golgi apparatus
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1. products such as protein enter the golgi apparatus
2. the golgi apparatus modifies the protein and then releases it 3. these modified products can become: a. lysosomes (vacuoles containing enzymes) b. cell membrane component (glycoprotein). c. secretory vesicles [containing hormones (for example)] |
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what are lysosomes produced by and what is its function
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produced by golgi apparatus, it functions to digest materials entering the cell (lipids and glycogen)
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what are the two enzymes released by lysosomes
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enzymes and hexoaminidase A
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describe steps of glycogen breakdown with lysosomes
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1. organic molecules enter the cell to form glycogen (a large polysaccharide) for storage
2. lysosomes release an enzyme 3. this enzyme breaks down the glycogen to form glucose monomers that can be used by the cell |
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describe the lipid breakdown by lysosomes
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1. organic molecules enter the cell. The cell forms lipids from those organic molecules.
2. the lysosomes release the enzyme called hexoaminidase A. 3. Hexoaminidase A breaks down lipids to form products the cell can use |
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what are peroxisomes. What enzyme does it contain.
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peroxisomes are vacuoles that look like lysosomes that contain the enzyme catalase
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what is function of catalase
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catalase is an enzyme that controls the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.
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describe steps of hydrogen peroxide breakdown by peroxisomes
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1. chemical reactions in the body yield hydrogen peroxide
2. catalase (from peroxisomes) will break down hydrogen peroxide. 3. hydrogen peroxide will break down to form water and an oxygen radical (oxidant). 4. this oxygen radical (oxidant) can kill bacteria. |
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what is the main function of mitochondria?
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produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Various reactions withing the mitochondria will also yield cholesterol and fatty acids.
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what is ATP's function?
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adenosine triphosphate is required for the muscle contraction such as heart beating.
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poison that disrupts the activity of the mitochondria
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cyanide
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what is the function of SER
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detoxify drugs and manufacture hormones. liver cells =detoxify drugs, thyroid and pituitary gland = manufacture and release hormones
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what does the nucleus hoses?
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nucleolus and chromosomes
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what are chromosomes made of?
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DNA
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what are ribosomes
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protein
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what modifies protein transported from the RER
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golgi apparatus
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what gives instructions to ribosomes reguarding what kind of proteins to make?
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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describe process of the making of protein in ribosomes
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1. transcription - the process of RNA picking up the chemical instructions from DNA.
2. RNA will exit the nucleus and tkae the chemically coded message to the ribosomes. now it is called messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA gives the coded message to ribosomes. ribosomes will tkae the message and interpret it and begin to make appropriate protein (translation). |
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what kind of molecule is DNA?
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double stranded helix molecule
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what kind of molecule is RNA?
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single stranded molecule
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4 molecules of cell membranes
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phospholipid - gives cell its permeable characteristic. two layers of phospholipids
glycolipid - found only on the outer layer, gives the cell its identifable characteristics protein - forms channels for large molecules to pass through cholesterol - seems to control the rate of flow material in and out of the cell |
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fluid mosaic movement
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proteins found in the cell membrane are channel proteins that move throughout the membrane.
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