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79 Cards in this Set
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Blood: components
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1.plasma-fluid portion
2.cells & platelets |
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Blood Plasma
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1.made of 92% H2O
2.Fxn: suspension & transport medium carrying dissolved substances |
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Blood Plasma: Soluble Constituents
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1.plasma proteins
2.non-protein nitrogenous sub (NPN) 3.organic nutrients 4.Hormones 5.Electrolytes 6.Gases |
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Plasma Proteins: Types
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(7% of plasma)
1.serum albumin & 2.serum golbulins *make up 96% plasma proteins 3.prothrombin 4.fibrinogen *related to blood clotting& assoc chem rxns; produced in liver |
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serum albumin:
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60% of pr
smallest & present in highest quantity |
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serum globulins:
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36% of pr
subdivived into categories: 1.alpha-1 globulins 2.alpha-2 globulins 3.gamma globulins |
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Plasma Proteins: Fxn
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1.maintenance of osmotic balance b/w bld plasma & all tiss fluids
2.regulation of blood pH 3.transport of lipid substances in blood plasma 4. protection against infection 5.blood clotting |
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osmotic balance maintenance:
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arterioles->capillaries->venules
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osmotic balance maintenance: forces involved
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1.hydrostatic pressure of blood
2.colloid osmotic pressure of blood |
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hydrostatic pressure of blood
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BP inside capillaries; outward directed force on walls of caps; hi @ arterial end of cap & lo @ venule end of cap; force that forces blood thru caps; force involved w/ starlings- causes fluids from caps to enter tiss spaces
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colloid osmotic pressure of blood
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involved proteins present in blood plasma; loss of fluid thru caps to tiss space leads to inc conc of pr in plasma -> inc colloid osmotic press; lo @ arterial end of cap & hi @ venule end of cap (causes fluids to re-enter by osmosis & diffusion)
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osmotic balance maintenance: mechanism for fluid exchange
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1.influence of hydrostatic pressure
2.influence of colloid osmotic pressure |
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influence of hydrostatic pressure:
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causes filtration of H2O & small molecules from blood plasma->tissue spaces
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influence of colloid osmotic pressure:
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pull fluid-H2O & small molecules from tissue spaces back to capillaries; caused by protein albumin & others in lower conc
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Regulation of Blood pH:
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proteins react w/ H+, reducing H+ content in blood, maintaining pH of 7.4
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Transport of lipid sub in blood plasma:
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3 plasma-protein carriers:
alpha-1, alpha-2, beta globulins; w/ fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, steroid hormones, & fat soluble vit's A,D,E,K attached to plasma pr for transportation |
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Protection a/g Infection:
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ptrect a/g infective microorganisms, antigenic chemicals, toxins;
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plasma proteins involved w/ increasing destruction:
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gamma globulins, aka antibodies
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Blood Clotting/Coagulation:
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pr: prothrombin, fibrinogen & others all made by liver; change blood in soluble state (fluid) -> gel (semisolid)
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Non-protein Nitrogenous Substances:
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waste products:
1.urea- result from pr catabolism 2.uric acid-result from nucleic acid catabolism 3.creatine-result from skeletal musc activity *all eliminated thru urine |
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Organic Nutrients:
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1.glucose
2.amino acids 3.lipids (fa & triglycerides) 4.vitamins (H2O & lipid soluble sub) |
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Hormones:
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come from endocrine glands & blood transports them thru the body to some site of action
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Electrolytes:
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ions:
1.cations: (+) Na,K,Ca,MG 2.anions: (-) Cl,HCO3,PO4,SO4 |
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Gases:
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1.O2- 20%; transported from lungs to tiss
2.CO2- 1%; transported from tiss to lungs 3.N2- 79%; the air we breathe |
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Blood: Formed Elements:
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RBC erythrocytes
WBC leukocytes platelets: parts of cells, thrombocytes |
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Formed Elements: Hematocrit
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packed cell volume; start w/ whole blood sample->centrifuge & see seperation of formed elements & plasma
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whole blood sample:
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45% hematocrit (variances 43-45%)
55% plasma |
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RBC: site of formation in adults
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red bone marrow; including cranial bones, centra of vertebrae, sternum, ribs, epiphysis of humerus & femur, pelvic bone
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RBC: control of prod in RBM
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linked to O2 content in blood: Hypoxia- O2 levels low detected by kidneys & kidneys produce erythropoietin, goes to RBM & causes an inc of RBC prod
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RBC: number in adult circulation
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4.5-5 million/mm3 males
4-4.5 million/mm3 females |
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RBC: structure
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biconcave disc (Depressions @ both sides; no nuclei; no organelles; ultimately a bag that contains chemicals
1.center=stroma 2.contains chem: hemoglobin, carbonic anhydrase, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate |
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carbonic anhydrase & 2,3-DPG involved w/:
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unloading O2 in tiss
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hemoglobin invlved w/:
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carrying O2 in RBC's
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RBC: Fxns
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1.Hb structure
2.transport of respiratory gases 3.partial regulation of blood pH |
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Hb structure:
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4 polypeptide chains (2alpha & 2beta chains)
4 hemes (1 attached to ea polypeptide) 4 iron atoms attached to ea heme (part that carries O2) |
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transport respiratory gases:
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Hb transports O2 from lungs to body tiss; CO2 can attach to Hb & carry CO2 back from tiss to lungs
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partial regulation of blood pH:
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measure of acidity; Hb reacts w/ free H+ ions
1. Hb+ H+ ->HbH, therefore acidity H+ reduced/eliminated |
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cell-mediated immunity:
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protection a/g some bacteria, fungi, virus-infected cells, organ & tissue transplants, cancer cells
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RBC: life span
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120 days & then usually eliminated in the spleen
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Life Span: Neutrophils
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6 hours to a few days (active protection)
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RBC: Anemia
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decrease in O2 carrying capacity of blood; causes:
1.lower than normal RBC count 2.lower than normal Hb per RBC 3.presence of abnorm Hb: sickle cell disease |
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sickle cell disease
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during extreme cold conditions, Hb precipitates from inside RBCs & become round, sickle shaped
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Life Span: Monocytes
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months
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RBC: Polycythemia
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too many RBC in circulation/higher than normal
1.primary polycythemia/polycythemia vera 2.secondary polycythemia/physiological polycythemia |
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Blood: blood groups
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A
B O |
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poly. vera:
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tumor condition in RBM; not malignant & not all cells mature; too many RBCs increase viscosity of blood->hi BP
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Life Span: Lymphocytes
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hours to years; memory T & B lymphocytes
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physiol. poly:
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can happen to anyone; sea level->8000'->erythropoietin-?inc RBC count; return to sea level & RBC count returns to normal
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Leukocytes/WBC: Structure
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some have granules in cytoplasm-granulocytes & nuclei can have 2/> lobes;
others have no granules in cytoplasm-agranulocytes & nuclei are round to oval in shape |
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Blood Groups: determining factors
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1.glycoproteins/agglutinogens: chem found on outer surface of RBC; capacity to react w/:
2.agglutinins: proteins norm present in blood plama |
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Leukocytes/WBC: Types
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1.granulocytes
2.agranulocytes |
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Number in adult circulation:
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5,000-10,000/mm3
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granulocytes
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1.neutrophils (most numerous)
2.eosinophils 3.basophils |
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Blood Groups: characteristics
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agglutinogens:
O-none A-A B-B AB-AB Agglutinins: O- a b A- b B- a AB- none |
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agranulocytes
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1.monocytes
2.lymphocytes |
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Leukocytosis:
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increased WBC count above normal, typically associated w/ active infections in body
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Leukocytes/WBC: site of original formation & following maturation
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stem cells: immature, general cell that matures to more specific cells
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agglutination:
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chem rxn;
A agglutinogen reacts w/ a-agglutinin ->clumping RBCs B agglutinogen reacts w/ b-agglutinin ->clumping RBCs |
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lymphoid organs include:
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lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, peyers patches in sm int.
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Leukemia:
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malignancy; WBC count 50,000/mm3 & higher abnormal cell count
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Leukocytes/WBC: Fxn
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related to protection a/g infectious agents, toxins, & autigenic chemicals
1.non-specific immunity: primarily directed a/g bacteria & viruses |
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blood tranfusions:
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normally, transfuse indiv w/ normal blood types (Aw/A, Bw/B)
*rule: when donor gives to recipient: donors RBCs must not be agglutinated by recipients agglutinins |
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ex: wound->bac enters tissues:
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neutrophil (1st WBC attracted to wound)->ambeoid mvmt: diapedisis to wound site or phagocytosis->supported by 2nd WBC attracted to wound: monocytes->enters tissues->macrophages->ambeoid mvmt or phagocytosis
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Leukopenia:
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WBC count lower than normal indicating an infection that has not been treated or one that has not responded to treatment
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ambeoid mvmt:
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move on own through capillaries walls
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Rh factor or D-antigen:
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if possess D antigen on RBC-> Rh+ (85%)
if dont possess D antigen on RBC-> Rh- (15%) *in transufsions, always give + to + and - to - *Rh+ to Rh- will produce antibodies a/g Rh+/agglutination |
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Formed Elements: Thrombocytes
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platelets
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problems w/ pregnancy:
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Rh+M & Rh-F= Rh+child
*1st preg not prob; @ delivery Rh+ RBCs enter moms circulatory system & body will prod Rh+ antibodies a/g Rh+ RBCs; @ 2nd preg mom makes many Rh+ antibodies ->agglutination of fetal RBCs |
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Thrombocytes: Site of Formation
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red bone marrow from megakaryocytes
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mild rxn vs extreme rxn:
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mild: child born w/ jaundice
extreme: erythroblastosis- stillborn fetalis |
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platelets:
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portions of cytoplasm, not entire cells
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specific immunity:
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1.Humoral Immunity
2.Cell Mediated Immunity |
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Thrombocytes: Fxn
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hemostasis: prevention of blood loss from body
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Humoral Immunity:
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antibodies protect a/g most bacteria, viruses & antigenic chem;
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hemostasis process:
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1.vessel spasm
2.plug formation: stick together to plug opening 3.blood clotting or coagulation: blood transformed from fluid (solid) to gel (semisolid) thru very long series of chem rxns go on in blood |
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antibodies:
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specific plasma proteins found in body- gamma globulins
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mechanism of blood clotting:
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1.extrinsic pathway
2.intrinsic pathway |
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extrinsic pathway: release
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tissues release tissue thromboplastin + cofactors + Ca2+
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intrinsic pathway: release
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platelets release platelet factor + cofactors + Ca2+
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