Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
HR > 125 bpm =
|
tachycardia
|
|
ecg can provide info about (4 things)
|
heartbeat rate & rhythm, conduction velocity, cardiomegaly, tissue damage
|
|
what is stroke volume
|
blood ejected from ea. ventricle during contraction
|
|
lub =
|
av valves closing
|
|
beta blockers
|
decrease heartrate
|
|
ventricular diastole
|
ventricular pressure declines. semilunar valves close, dub sound
|
|
intercalated discs
|
2 cardiac muscle cells connected by gas junctions
|
|
stimulation of beta receptors on heart muscle results in
|
formation of cAMP
|
|
rapid depol phase is due to what ion?
|
Na+ entry
|
|
plateau phase is due to influx of
|
Ca++
|
|
steep polarization phase due to
|
K+
|
|
acetylcholine slows HR by
|
decreasing permeability only to ca++
|
|
ca++ channel blockers
|
decrease force of cardiac contraction
|
|
arteries are healthy when they are (2)
|
compliant and elastic
|
|
ca++ channel blockers bind to ca++ channel proteins and
|
make vessels dilate
|
|
angiogenesis
|
the growth of new blood vessels
|
|
bloodflow to a tissue will increase if
|
level of CO2 at tissue increases
|
|
difference between systole and diastole pressure =
|
pulse pressure
|
|
myogenic autoregulation
|
stretched smooth muscle in a BV constricts reflexively
|
|
vascular smooth muscle has ______ receptors and constricts in response to sympathtic stimulation
|
alpha
|
|
epi binds to beta-2 receptors and DOES NOT
|
reduce bloodflow to the liver
|
|
_______ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluid to pass thru them. ___________ caps are tightly joined cells with high selectiveness
|
fenestrated. continuous.
|
|
restoring lost fluid from the caps back to the circulatory system is a major function of what system
|
lymphatic
|
|
pulmonary edema is associated with (2)
|
left side heart failure and dyspnea r/t ox exchange
|
|
integrating center for neural control of BP:
|
medulla oblongata
|
|
baroreceptor reflex, when triggered by a BP decline, does what 2 things
|
increases sympathetic activity and increases cardiac output
|
|
HDL cholesterol is taken where and why
|
to the liver for use or excretion
|
|
how does chronic htn develop
|
baroreceptors adapt to higher pressures
|
|
fenestrated capillaries are found:
|
in the liver
|
|
what are the medicinal tx for htn
|
ace inhibitors, ca++ channel blockers, beta blockers (NOT ANP blockers or chloride blockers)
|
|
fluid portion of blood containing h2o and chons is called
|
plasma
|
|
plasma chons necessary for blood clotting are
|
fibrinogens
|
|
what plasma chons are found in the highest concentration in normal blood
|
albumin
|
|
rbc production regulated by what hormone
|
erytropoietin
|
|
thrombopoietin is produced where
|
kidneys and liver
|
|
average lifespan of a rbc
|
4 months
|
|
hgb molecule is made of
|
4 chon chains and 4 heme groups
|
|
rbc production is called
|
erythropoiesis
|
|
rbc's are shaped as bi-concave disk to allow it to:
|
change shapes to squeeze thru and shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions
|
|
platelets are fromed from cells in bone marrow called
|
megakaryocytes
|
|
what happens first in hemostasis
|
platelet adhesion, then pl. aggregation, then plug, then fibrinogen conversion, then thrombus
|
|
actual sites of gas exchange within lungs are
|
alveoli
|
|
repiratory tree in order
|
primary bronchi, 2ndary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronch's, alveoli
|
|
airway btween larynx and primary bronchi
|
trachea
|
|
air moves into lungs because
|
gas pressure in lungs is less than outside pressure
|
|
what does surfactant do
|
helps prevent alveoli from collapsing
|
|
why do CF sufferers have dyspnea
|
thick secretions exceed ability of mucus elevator to tranport it
|
|
inhale then blow all air out possible. what's the amount of air expelled called
|
vital capacity
|
|
glottis is closed, abd and intercostals contract, creating pressure that blast air out.
|
cough
|
|
exchange of respiratory gasses occurs by
|
simple diffusion
|
|
lung pathology r/t heart disease
|
pulmonary edema
|
|
most important chemical regulator of respiration
|
ca2
|
|
10% increase in co2 in the blood will do what to respiration
|
increase its rate
|
|
smooth muscle cells of bronchioles are well supplied with ________ receptors
|
beta2
|
|
pathology where o2 carrying capacity of the blood is reduced
|
anemia
|
|
most o2 is transported by the blood is
|
bound to hgb
|
|
high co2 in body fluids is called
|
hypercapnia
|
|
co2 is more soluble in water than o2. to get the same amt of o2 to dissolve in plasma as in co2, you would need to
|
increase the partial pressure of o2
|
|
o2 saturation of hgb is greater when the pH is higher or lower
|
higher
|
|
o2 saturation of hgn is greater when the temp is higher or lower
|
higher
|
|
functions of urinary system
|
maintains plasma ion balance, regulated vol of ecf, balances pH, eliminates organic waste products and foreign mat'ls - all the above
|
|
do kidneys regulate blood protein levels
|
NO
|
|
ions directly regulated by the kidney include:
|
na+, k+, ca++, Hco3 (NOT OH)
|
|
urine is produced in what organ
|
kidney
|
|
is the liver part of the urinary system?
|
NO
|
|
bowmans capsule and glomerulus together are called
|
renal corpuscle
|
|
glomerulus is
|
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle
|
|
the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the
|
distal tubule
|
|
the hairpin shaped sement of the nephron is the
|
loop of henle
|
|
the region known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed by what part of the nephron
|
distal tubule
|
|
the process of filtration happens where
|
bowmans capsule
|
|
glomerular filtration ifs favored by the
|
hydraulic pressure of the blood in the glomerular capillaries
|
|
process of urine formation involves
|
filtering plasma, reabsorbing water and certain solutes, secreting wastes - all the above
|
|
primary function of the proximal tubule is
|
reabsorption of ions, organic molecules and water
|
|
process of filtration is drivn by
|
blood hydraulic pressure
|
|
normal urine does not containt
|
glucose, chons, consistent amts of ions, amino acids
|
|
glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by
|
symport with sodium
|
|
during micturation reflex
|
all the above, stimulation of stretch receptors, increased parasympa motor neurons, internal sphincter must be consciously relaxed, external sphinctor relaxes parasympathetically
|
|
large proteins are not normal in urine
|
true
|
|
one of these leads from each kidney to the urinary bladder
|
ureter
|
|
hollow expandable organ collects and stores urine
|
bladder
|
|
outer layer of kidney tissue
|
cortex
|
|
functional unit of kidney
|
nephron
|
|
inner layer of kidney tissue
|
medulla
|
|
damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the
|
collecting ducts
|
|
obstruction in glomerulus would affect blood flow to
|
efferent arteriole
|
|
glucose is brought into cytoplasm of kidney tubular cells against its concentration gradient by
|
symport with sodium and harnessing the energy of na+ moving down its electrochemical gradient
|
|
3 systems that work together most closely to regulate BP, osmolarity and pH are
|
urinary, respiratory, and cv
|
|
kidneys can alter ecf volume and osmolarity by
|
changing the amout of water AND sodium secreted
|
|
hormones that controls water excretion by the kidneys is
|
adh
|
|
primary osmoreceptors are located in the
|
hypothalamus
|
|
principal cation in the icf is
|
potassium
|
|
plams water is lost, but lytes retained
|
osmosis moves water from icf to ecf
|
|
adh does what
|
stimulates water conservation at kidneys
|
|
baroreceptos in carotid and aortic bodies sensing increased BP trigger
|
inhibition of ADH secretion
|
|
portion of nephron that creates dilute urine
|
loop of henle
|
|
juxtaglomerular cells in the nephron secrete
|
renin
|
|
antiotensin II
|
stimulates thirst, causes widespread vasoconstriction, causes synthesis and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
|
|
ace inhibitors
|
block angiotensin 1 conversion to 2. lowers BP. reduces na+ reabsorption. decreases ecf volume
|
|
aldosterone
|
promotes sodium retention in kidneys
|
|
concetration of sodium in ecf decreases, what happens next
|
less adh is released
|
|
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
|
increases GFR and inhibits the release of renin
|
|
ANP's effect on NP
|
lowers it
|
|
increase in plasma potassium levels
|
hyperkalemia
|
|
most k+ in body is
|
inside cells
|
|
excess potassium ions are eliminated from body via
|
kidneys
|
|
thirst is controlled where
|
centers in the hypothalamus
|
|
thirst is triggered by
|
increased osmolarity
|
|
symptoms of low plasma pH may include
|
CNS depression, confusion, disorientation
|
|
hyperventilation causes
|
respiratory acidosis
|
|
compensators for pH of body fluids
|
all of the above (all buffer systems and changes in rate and depth of breathing)
|
|
emphysema sufferers exhbit what pH condition
|
respiratory acidosis
|
|
moutain climber at high altitude would exhibit
|
respiratory alkalosis
|
|
high consumption of antacids puts you at risk for
|
metabolic alkalosis
|
|
changes in blood osmotic pressure would affect the levels of what hormone in blood
|
ADH
|
|
enzyme renin is responsibile for activation of
|
angiotensin
|
|
dehydration causes
|
increased thirst
|
|
when would pH be lower, after hyperventilating or hypoventilating
|
hypoventilating
|
|
pH of the ecf declines, then the kidneys secrete
|
potassium ions
|
|
man lost in desert with little water for 2 days would exhibit
|
high adh levels
|
|
chronic pathology with altered bowel habits and abd pain r/t motility
|
irritable bowel syndrome
|
|
cephalic phase of digestion is drive by
|
seeing and smelling foods
|
|
GI phases - what does the paracrine somatostatin in the stomach do
|
inhibits gastric acid secretion
|
|
cholecystokinin's primary action is
|
release of bile from gall bladder
|
|
4 layers of the gi tract from outermost layer and in
|
4132 serosa, muscularis, submucosa, muscosa
|
|
the pancreatic reflex of the small intestine is mediated by
|
the nervous system and cholectykinin
|
|
what area of the brain controls the vomiting reflex
|
medulla
|
|
healthy cholesterol lipoprotin
|
HDL high density lipochons
|
|
what's hypercholesterolemia
|
elevated plasma cholesterol
|
|
primary hormones responsible for glucose metab
|
insulin and glucagon
|
|
protein hormone is produced by adipocytes and indirectly inhibits appetite
|
leptin
|
|
during the fasting state the CNS depends on
|
gluconeogenesis by the liver and the kidneys
|
|
what symptoms/diagnostic features offer the best info that your patient has the most common type of DM
|
patient is adult and obese
|
|
symptoms of DM1
|
destruction of beta cells leading to no insulin and elevated fasting BG
|
|
primary target tissues for insulin
|
liver muscle adipose
|
|
dehydration is consequence of what
|
polyuria, severe thirst, diuresis
|
|
hyperthermia can be countered by
|
wetting the skin
|
|
secretion of _____________ in the hypothalamic - pituitary - adremocortical axis is r/t its source cells firing action potentials
|
corticotropin releasing hormone
|
|
metanolism stimulating hormones of the ______ gland are lipophilic molecules. this is the only place int he body where ______serves an impt function
|
thyroid; iodine
|
|
growth hormone
|
promotes bone and muscle growth, amino acid uptake by cells, glucose sparing
|
|
cortisol can affect bone metabolism how
|
weakened bones, increased renal excretion of calcium, increased bone resorption - all the above
|
|
hypocalcemia
|
plasma ca++ decreases, nervous system becomes hyperexcitable
|
|
bulging eyes, goiter, and accelerated metabolism are signs of
|
graves disease.
|
|
how is t3 released
|
hypothalamus releases trh, ant pit releases tsh, thyroid releases t4, t4 conversts to t3
|
|
most ca in body is found in
|
bones
|
|
increased free phosphate ions would acocmpany
|
bone loss r/t osteoporosis
|
|
acromegaly is
|
adults, enlarged jaws, hands, feet, coarsening of facial features
|
|
3 major functions of immune system
|
protect from pathogens, remove dead and damaged stuff, recognize and remove abnormal cells
|
|
order of immune response
|
detect/id, communicate, recruit/coordinate, destroy/suppress
|
|
primary cells of immune system
|
wbc
|
|
which leukocytes contain histamine and heparin
|
basophils
|
|
what stimulates pain receptors, tenderness, inflam
|
bradykinin
|
|
what does interleukin-2 do
|
mediate inflam response
|
|
3 main types of lympohcytes
|
B and T lymphocytes, natural killer cells
|
|
occurs when body is exposed to pathogen and creates its own antibodies
|
active immunity
|
|
RA, MS, and guillain barre are common autoimmune diseases
|
true
|
|
baroreceptor reflex during exercise
|
signals from motor cortex during exercise reset arterial baroreceptor threshold to a higher pressure
|
|
with chronic exercise, skeletal muscle fibers upregulate
|
glucose TRANsporters and insulin RECEPTors
|
|
primary substrates for energy production
|
carbs and fats
|
|
fx of sympathetic stimulation
|
increased everything
|
|
as body temp rises, what thermoregulatory mechanisms are triggered
|
sweating, cutaneous bloodflow
|
|
feedforward signals from motor cortex and sensory feedback from perif sensory receptors
|
exercise hyperventilation
|
|
redistribution of bloodflow during exercise from combo of
|
vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles and vasoconstriction in other tissues
|
|
during exercise
|
plasma glucose concentrations rise and insulin secretion decreases
|
|
in the production of gamets within each cell there are 4 complete sets of chromosomes when
|
at the onset of meiosis
|
|
to develop normally in females, every cell in embryo must have
|
one x chromosome and unexposed to fetal androgens
|
|
in the absense of anti mullerian hormones/androgens, what do the mullerian ducts become
|
fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina
|
|
ambivalence of the bipotential gonad ends
|
near end of month 2 of gestation, r/t SRY gene product
|
|
mechanism leading to male or femaile behavioral template
|
related to gonodal steroids in non humans. humans: not clearly defined
|
|
blood flow to erectile penis
|
is increased by activity in parasympa neurons. parasympa has direct control of blood flow
|
|
the scrotum is outside the abd cavity because
|
sperm production is impaired at higher temps in abd cavity
|
|
sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules require stimulation from ______ in order to __________
|
FSH and testosterone to support spermiogenesis
|
|
ovarian steroids exert negative feedback on hypothalamic pituitary reproductive axis ecxept
|
for a brief time before ovulation
|