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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1) ___-are known as "volume reservoirs", they hold blood
2) __-are known as "resistant reservoirs"; muscles of these can be easily manipulated (__&__) 3) ___-are the "exchange reservoirs"; they just have ___ |
1) veins
2) arterioles; vasodilation & vasoconstriction 3) capillaries; endothelium |
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1) arteries are known as the ___
2) veins are known as the ___ 3) capillaries are known as the___ |
1) resistant reservoirs
2) volume reservoirs 3) exchange reservoirs |
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Blood Vessel Comparison:
1) veins have ___ 2) arteries have___ 3) Both arteries and veins have: ___ 4) capillaries have___ |
1) big lumen, thin walls
2) small lumen, thick walls 3) endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, and fibrous tissue 4) only endothelium |
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Systemic Circulation
1) most in ___ (__) 2) smaller volumes in ___ |
1) the veins (2/3)
2) arteries and capillaries |
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Blood Circulation Dynamics
Depends on ___between: |
Depends on interrelationships between:
1) pressure 2) flow 3) resistance 4) mechanisms that regulate blood pressure 5) blood flow through vessels |
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Principles of Blood Flow:
1) ___-the amount of blood flowing through a tissue in a given time (ml/min) 2) __-the rate of blood flow per given mass of tissue (ml/min/g) 3) blood flow is important for delivery of __&__, and removal of ___ 4) __-the physical principles of blood flow based on pressure and resistance; the motion of blood |
1) blood flow
2) perfusion 3) nutrients; oxygen; metabolic wastes 4) hemodynamics |
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Principles of Blood flow:
1) Blood flow- __of blood flowing ___in __ (__) 2) Perfusion- the __of blood flow___ (__) 3) Hemodynamics- the __of blood; ___of blood flow based on ___ |
1) amount; through a tissue; a given time; (ml/min)
2) rate; per given mass of tissue (ml/min/g) 3) motion; physical principles; pressure and resistance |
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KEY TERMS:
1) __-the actual volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period 2) ___-the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood it contains |
1) blood flow
2) blood pressure |
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Blood Flow:
1) definition: the actual ___of blood flowing through a __, an___, or the___in a given period 2) is measured in ___ 3) is equivalent to ___, considering the ___ 4) is ___when at rest 5) ___through individual organs, according to ___ |
1) volume; vessel; organ; entire circulation
2) ml/min 3) Cardiac Output (CO); entire vascular system 4) relatively constant 5) varies widely; immediate needs |
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Blood Pressure:
1) the __per___exerted on the ___of a ___by the __it contains 2) is measured in ___ 3) because of blood pressure____ 4) ___ in BP within the vascular system acts as the ____ 5) BP provides the ___that___even___ |
1) force; unit area; wall; blood vessel; blood
2) mmHg 3) blood moves through the vessels 4) differences; driving force 5) force; keeps blood circulating; between heart beats |
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Blood Flow & Pressure
1) Blood flows if a ___exists 2) blood flows from area of ___to___ 3) Therefore: blood flow (__) is ___to the ___(___) between ___ 4) if we increase blood pressure, we ___blood flow |
1) pressure gradient (ΔP)
2) higher to lower pressure 3) (F); directly proportional; difference in blood pressure (ΔP); two points in the circulation 4) increase |
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1) Blood flow depends entirely on __, if it is not changed, there will be __ in blood flow
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1) ΔP; no change
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Blood Flow:
1) ___ 2) flow is OPPOSED by ___ 3) __is a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through vessels (referred to as ____or___) |
1) F∞(ΔP)
2) vascular resistance (R) 3) resistance (peripheral resistance (PR) OR total peripheral resistance (TPR)) |
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Blood Flow
1) ____ 2) flow is ___by vascular resistance (R) 3) what is the equation? 4) break it down:what do the letters represent? 5) |
1) F∞(ΔP)
2) opposed 3) [ F =(ΔP)/ R ] 4) F= rate of blood flow; ΔP = difference in blood pressure between 2 points in the circulation; R = vascular resistance |
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Note:
1) R = __ 2) r = ___ 3) if you increase resistance, then you ____blood flow |
1) resistance
2) radius 3) decrease |
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1) resistance is a measure of the amount of ___ blood encounters as it passes through vessels
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1) friction
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Blood Flow:
1) Volume of blood passing through per unit of time (__) is directly proportional to the ___ and inversely proportional to ____ 2) If R increases, ___ 3) __is more important than __in influencing local blood pressure** |
1) (blood flow); pressure gradient; vascular resistance
2) F decreases 3) R; ΔP |
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Blood Flow: Role of Resistance
1) Picture: blood flow through 4 identical vessels (A-D) is ___; ___equals__ 2) If we increase resistance by ___, we ___ 3) When vessel B constricts, resistance of B ___and flow through B ___; the total flow ___ |
1) equal; total flow into vessels; total flow out
2) constriction; decrease flood flow 3) increases; decreases; is unchanged |
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Peripheral Resistance: What factors are involved?
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Three factors:
1) constant factors: vessel length and blood viscosity 2) dynamic factor: vessel radius |
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Peripheral Resistance: What factors are involved?
1) Vessel length & Blood viscosity are ___ 2) Vessel radius is a ___ |
1) constant factors
2) dynamic factor |
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Peripheral Resistance: Constant Factors
1) vessel length- the ____, the greater the resistance 2) blood viscosity- the ___, the greater the resistance; ex: ___ hematocrit; ___plasma proteins, the ___ 3) Note: blood is THICKER than water because it____ |
1) longer the vessels
2) thicker the blood; increase; increase; greater the resistance 3) has plasma proteins |
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Peripheral Resistance: Dynamic Factor
1) vessel radius- the ___, the greater the resistance |
1) smaller the vessel radius
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Peripheral Resistance:
1) something you can control 2) something you can't control |
1) Dynamic factor: vessel radius
2) Constant factors: vessel length & blood viscosity |
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Peripheral Resistance
1) Resistance varies inversely with the ___ 2) what is the equation? 3) what does everything stand for? 4) since __are normally constant: ___ 5) if radius is increased, resistance is ___ 6) if __increases by 2 times, it will have a greater impact on ___than changes in ___ 7) if radius is doubled, resistance ____ 8) calculate resistance in tube A and B:___ 9) calculate flow in tube A and B:___ |
1) fourth power of the vessel radius
2) R = (L)(n)/ r^4 3) R= resistance; L = vessel length; n (eta) = blood viscosity; r= vessel radius 4) L & n; R= 1/r^4 5) decreased 6) r; R; L and n 7) Resistance reduces to 1/16 8) R = 1/r^4 9) F = 1/R |
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Blood Flow:
1) what is the combined equation for the relationship between flow, pressure, and resistance (F=__) 2) this is called ___ 3) ___has the most significant effect |
1) (F=ΔP/R);
F∞(ΔP) x r^4/ n x L 2) Poiseulle's equation 3) radius |
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Velocity of Flow:
1) Velocity of flow-a value equal to the ___divided by the ___ of the ___ 2) expressed as ___ (__) 3) depends on __ and __ of the vessel 4) what is the equation? 5) what does everything stand for? |
1) total volume flow; cross-sectional area; vascular bed
2) distance/time (cm/min) 3) flow rate; cross-sectional area 4) v = F/A 5) v= velocity of flow (cm/min); F= flow rate (ml/min); A= cross-sectional area (cm2) |
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Velocity of Flow
1) as diameter of vessels increases, the total cross-sectional area___ and velocity of blood flow ___ |
1) increases; decreases
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Velocity of Flow in Action: At the capillary bed
1) vessel diameter ___ and number of vessels ___ 2) total cross-sectional area ___ 3) velocity ___so that capillaries can____ 4) velocity of blood flow depends on the ___ |
1) decreases; increase
2) increases 3) decreases; unload O2 and nutrients 4) total cross-sectional area |
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Vascular Tree: __system of vessels consists of:
1) carry blood away from the heart to tissues 2) smaller branches of arteries 3) smaller branches of arterioles; smallest vessel across which all exchanges are made with surrounding cells 4) formed when capillaries rejoin; return blood to heart 5) formed when venules merge; return blood to heart |
CLOSED system of vessels
1) arteries 2) arterioles 3) capillaries 4) venules 5) veins |
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Vascular Tree:
1) ___-into right atrium are ____ 2) ___-out of the left atrium are____ |
1) veins; oxygen-poor
2) arteries; oxygen-rich |
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Arterial Pulse:
1) pulse-is a ___created by ___ (not a___) 2) normal pulse rate = ____ 3) monitored at "___" where pulse is ___ 4) is pressure exerted by blood on the inner walls of the vessels |
1) pressure wave; blood; heart beat
2) heart rate 3) "pressure points"; easily palpated 4) blood pressure |
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Blood pressure:
1) ___-pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction 2)___-pressure when the ventricles relax 3) pressure in blood vessels ___as the distance away from the heart increases |
1) systolic
2) diastolic 3) decreases |
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Blood Pressure
1) systolic-pressure at the peak of ____ 2) diastolic-pressure when____ |
1) ventricular contraction
2) ventricles relax |
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Blood Pressure:
1) is highest in ___ 2) is zero or negative in ____ 3) ___of vessel wall gives diastolic pressure 4) the largest drop in BP occurs in the ___; why they are the main areas for ___ |
1) arteries
2) vena cava 3) elastic recoil 4) arterioles; controlling pressure |
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Elastic Recoil in Arteries: Ventricular contraction
what happens? |
1) ventricle contracts
2) semilunar valve opens 3) aorta and arteries expand and store pressure in elastic walls |
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Elastic Recoil in Arteries: Ventricular relaxation
what happens? |
1) isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (IVR)
2) semilunar valve shuts, preventing back flow into ventricle 3) elastic recoil of arteries sends blood forward into rest of circulatory system |
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Ventricular relaxation occurs:
1) elastic arteries acts as ___ 2) provide adequate __during___ |
1) pressure reservoirs
2) pressure 3) diastole |
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Role of Arteries:
1) 2) |
1) elastic or conducting arteries
2) muscular or medium arteries |
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Role of Arteries: Elastic or conducting arteries
1) ___diameters 2) pressure ____ 3) known as ___ 4) ___is used to____ |
1) largest
2) high and fluctuates 3) pressure reservoir 4) elastic recoil; propel blood after systole |
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Role of Arteries: Muscle or medium arteries
1) ___muscle allows vessels to ___by___or___ |
1) smooth; regulate blood supply; constricting; dilating
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Role of Arterioles:
1) ___from___to___ 2) controls the ___ 3) ____occurs in the arterioles, which ___through___ 4) no large fluctuations in ___and ___ 5) this is the main area where you can ___ |
1) transport blood; arteries; capillaries
2) amount of resistance 3) greatest pressure drop; regulate blood flow; tissues 4) capillaries and veins 5) increase or decrease resistance |
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Blood Pressure:
1) Pulse pressure = ___ 2) Mean Arterial Pressure (___)= ____ |
1) systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
2) MAP; Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure |
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Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Directly related to...
1) 2) |
1) cardiac output
2) peripheral resistance |
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Factors Determining Blood Pressure:
1) Cardiac Output- ___ & ____ 2) Peripheral resistance- ___ |
1) SV & HR
2) opposing force |
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Mean Arterial Pressure: ____
1) MAP = ___ |
MAP: Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
1) MAP = CO x total peripheral resistance |
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Factors Determining Blood Pressure:
1) the friction faced by blood as it flows through the vessels: depends on _2_ 3) if you increase resistance, blood pressure __ |
1) peripheral resistance
2) vasoconstriction (vessel diameter), blood volume, and blood viscosity 3) increases |
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Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Peripheral Resistance
1) 2) |
1) vasoconstriction
2) vasodilation |
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Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Peripheral Resistance
1) vasoconstriction- __of arterioles; __peripheral resistance 2) vasodilation- __of arterioles; ___peripheral resistance |
1) narrowing; increases
2) expansion; decreases |
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Other Factors Determining Blood Pressure (besides cardiac output & peripheral resistance):
1) 2) |
1) neural factors
2) renal factors (hormonal) |
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Other Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Neural factors
1) ___involved 2) ___adjustments: parasympathetic = ___; sympathetic = ___ |
1) nervous system
2) autonomic nervous system; no effect (other than on HR); causes vasoconstriction (increases blood pressure); vascular tone (partial constriction) |
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Other Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Renal factors (hormonal)
1) by altering __ 2) _____: hormonal control of vasoconstriction and blood volume |
1) blood volume & vasoconstriction
2) Renin-angiotensin mechanism |
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RAAS:
1) kicks in when ___ 2) it __BP by ___&___ |
1) BP is low
2) increases; causing constriction; increasing blood volume |
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Factors Determining Blood Pressure: Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Mechanism (RAAS):
1) controls for both __and ___ 2) renin-->___ 3) angiotensinogen-->___ 4) aldosterone-->___ |
1) peripheral resistance & blood volume
2) enzyme released by kidney 3) circulating protein 4) hormone from adrenal cortex |
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Factors Determining Blood Pressure
1)Renin-Angiotension Mechanism__-> 2) __of__by___--> 3)___-->___---__--> 4) __-->___--> 5) ___-->___ |
1) low BP
2) release; RENIN; kidneys 3) Angiotensinogen-->Angiotensin I; converting enzymes in the lungs (ACE) 4) Angiotensin I --> Angiotensin II 5) vasoconstriction--> increased BP |
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Factors Determining Blood Pressure
1) ___-->___ &___ THEN 2) ___---___ |
1) renin-angiotensin mechanism--> blood volume and vasoconstriction
2) blood volume---renin-angiotensin aldosterone mechanisms |
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Factors Determining Blood Pressure
1) Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) ___--__--> 2) ___(___) ---> 3) __by__--> 4) ___--> 5) ___-->___ |
1) low BP; reaches the adrenal cortex
2) increased aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) 3) increased Na+ reabsorption by kidney 4) increased water reabsorption 5) increased blood volume--> increased blood pressure |
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1) a short term mechanism to regulate BP
2) can ___ |
1) baroreceptor reflex
2) increase or decrease BP |
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Baroreceptor Reflex
1) ___to regulate___ 2) triggered by a ____ 3) heart and vessels ___ 4) baroreceptors in the ___ and ___ |
1) short term mechanism; BP
2) change in MAP (either drops or rises) 3) readjust CO and peripheral resistance 4) carotid sinus; aortic arch |
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Baroreceptor Reflex: Increase in BP
1) detected by ___ 2) ___of___in___ (will__its activity) 3) ___sympathetic output and ___parasympathetic output 4) __heart rate, __stroke volume, __vasoconstriction 5) ___cardiac output and ___total peripheral resistance 6) __BP (___) |
1) baroreceptors
2) stimulation; cardiovascular center; medulla; (drop) 3) decrease; increase 4) decrease; decrease; decrease 5) decrease; decrease 6) decrease; (back to normal) |