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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tissue
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Group of cells with a common function, structure, or both
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Organ
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Several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions
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Shoot System
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Stems and Leaves
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Root System
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Roots
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Root
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Multicellular organ that anchors a plant in soil, absorbs minerals and water, stores carbohydrates
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Taproot
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Main vertical root (develops from an embryonic root)
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Lateral roots
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Branch roots that split off the taproot
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Root hairs
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Increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals
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Stem
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Organ consisting of alternate nodes (where leaves attach) and internodes (segments between nodes)
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Axillary bud
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Structure that can form a lateral shoot (aka branch)
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Apical bud
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Elongation of a young shoot concentrated at the shoot tip
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Apical Dominance
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Inhibition of axillary buds by an apical bud
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Leaf
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Main photosynthetic organ.
Consists of a blade and stalk (petiole). |
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Veins
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Vascular tissue of leaves
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Simple Leaf
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Single, undivided blade
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Compound Leaf
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Blade consists of multiple leaflets
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Doubly Compound Leaf
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Each leaflet is divided into smaller leaflets
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Prop Roots
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Provide stability for top-heavy plants
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Storage roots
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Stores for fruiting/flowering
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"Strangling" aeiral roots
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Kills tree that it initially used to provide nutrients
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Buttress roots
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Additional support
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Pneumatophores (aka "air roots")
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Project above water's surface to obtain oxygen
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Tissue System
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A functional unit connecting all of the plant's organs. Plants have dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.
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Dermal Tissue System
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Plant's outer protective covering
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Epidermis
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A layer of tightly packed cells in a nonwoody plant. Dermal tissue.
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Cuticle
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Waxy coating on the epidermal surface. Prevents water loss.
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Periderm
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Replaces the epidermis in woody plants
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Vascular Tissue System
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Carries out long-distance transport of materials between the root and shoot system. Xylem and Phloem.
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Xylem
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Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots. 1 way.
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Phloem
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Transports sugars to roots and growth sites. From where they are made to where they are needed. 2 way.
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Stele
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Collective term for the vascular tissue of a root or stem
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Ground Tissue System
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Tissues that are neither dermal or vascular. Includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis and transport.
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Parenchyma Cells
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Thin and flexible.
Lack secondary walls. Home of metabolic functions (sythesizing and storing). Alive. |
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Collenchyma Cells
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Unevenly thick primary walls.
Provide flexible support for young parts of plant. Don't restrain growth. Alive. |
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Sclerenchyma Cells
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Thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin.
Provide support. Two types: Sclereids-short, irregular, thick Fibers-long, slender tapered Dead. |
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Water-Conducting Cells of the Xylem
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Conduit through which water can flow.
Two types: Tracheids-long, thin, tapered Vessel elements-wide, short, thin, less tapered. Dead. |
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Sugar-Conducting Cells of the Phloem
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Transport sugars and organic nutrients.
Sieve tubes. Alive. |
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Indeterminate Growth
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Growth occur's throughout the plants life
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Determinate Growth
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Stop growing after reaching a certain size.
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Apical Meristems
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Provide additional cells that enable the plant to grow in length
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Primary Growth
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Growth in length. Allows roots to extend throughout the soil and shoots to increase their exposure to light.
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Secondary Growth
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Growth in thickness (width)
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Lateral Meristems
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Vascular cambium and cork cambium. Extend along length of roots and stems. Cause secondary growth.
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Vascular Cambium
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Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.
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Cork Cambium
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Replaces epidermis with the thicker, tougher periderm.
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Primary Plant Body
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Results of primary growth
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Root cap
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Covers and protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through soil during primary growth
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Zone of Cell Division
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Where new root cells are produced, includes root cap
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Zone of Elongation
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Where root cells elongate
*Growth-expansion that takes place in this region |
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Zone of Maturation (differentiation)
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Where cells complete their differentiation and become distinct cell types
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Eudicot
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Two cotyledon (seed leaves).
Netlike veins. Vascular tissue arranged in a ring. Taproot system. |
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Monocot
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One cotyledon (seed leaf).
Parallel veins. Scattered vascular tissue. Fibrous root system (no main root). |
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Endodermis
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Innermost layer of the cortex. Forms the boundary with the vascular cylinder.
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Pericycle
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Outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder.
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Leaf primordia
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Develops leaves. Finger-like projections along the meristem.
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Stomata
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Allow gas exchange between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cells inside the leaf
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Guard Cells
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Two cells flanking the stomata that regulate opening and closing of the pore
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Mesophyll
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Ground tissue of a leaf
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Secondary Plant Body
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Tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium
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Morphogensis
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Body form and organization
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Bark
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All tissues external to the vascular cambium. Secondary phloem and layers of periderm.
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Pattern Formation
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Development of specific structures in specific locations
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Positional Information
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Signals that continuously indicate to each cell its location within a developing structure
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Polarity
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The condition of having structural or chemical differences at opposite ends of an organism
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Microfibrils
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Control direction of expansion
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Homeotic Genes
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Master regulatory genes that mediate many of the major events in an individual's development
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Gene Expression
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The regulation of transcription and translation
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Phase Changes
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The morphological changes that arise from transitions in shoot apical meristem activity
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Meristem Identity Genes
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Protein products of these genes are transcription factors that regulate genes required for the conversion of the indeterminate vegetative meristems to determinate floral meristems
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Organ Identity Genes
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Regulate development of characteristic floral pattern (whorls)
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ABC Model
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Identifies how these three classes of genes direct the formation of floral organs
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