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83 Cards in this Set
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Modern State System
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A relatively small number of relatively large independent political units, recognizing no binding, higher political authority
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Feudal Order
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Large #, Small size, Not independent or Sovereign
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Commercial Revolution(Economic)
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Provided a powerful economic impetus for the creation of larger entities
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Gunpowder Revolution (Military)
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Dramatically altered the requirements for defense in ways that gave substantial advantages to larger entities
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Protestant Reformation (Religious)
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Marked the emergence of a non-Catholic version of Christianity. Major contributing force to the Thirty Years War
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Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
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Series of Bloody and devastating wars fought largely on German lands between 1618 and 1648
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Peace/Treaty of West Phalia (1648)
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Agreement that officially closed the Thirty Years War
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Absolutist Monarchism
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Political order in almost all of Europe before the French Revolution in which kings and queens claimed divine sources for their absolute rule and power unrestricted by laws of constitutions
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Divine Rights of Kings
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The legitimacy of rulers was granted by God, not the people over whom leaders ruled
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Dynastic Nationalism
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National conflicts
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Balance of Power
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Classical International System (1648-1749)
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French Revolution (1789)
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Popular revolt against the French monarchy in 1789 that resulted in the establishment of the French Republic
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Concert of Europe (1815)
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Monarchs of Europe tried to restore international order after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, maintaining a balance of power
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(Modern) Nationalism
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Political creed: Sense of connection and loyalty between people and their governments, belief that governments must derive their legitimacy from the people over whom they rule, commitment to national or ethnic self-determination
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Popular Sovereignty
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pronciple that governments must derive their legitimacy from the people over whom they rule
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Self-determination
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Modern nationalism hold the nation-state as the political idea
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Nation, State, Nation-state
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Nation-ethnic group
State-political institutions/government Nation-state-when the two coincide |
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Multinational States
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A single state or government ruling over people of many distinct ethnic identities
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Multi-state nations
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A single ethnic group divided into several different, independent political units or states
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Otto van Bismarck
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Prussian general who waged a series of quick and decisive wars to unify the German states
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The Great War(WWI)
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War greeted with enthusiasm across Europe
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Total War
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A war in which participants mobilize all available resources for the purpose of waging war
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Treaty of Versailles (1919)
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Terms on which WWI was concluded. Harsh on Germany(the losers)
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Appeasement
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A policy in which nations deal with international conflicts by giving in to the demands of their opponents
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The Munich crisis/agreement (1938)
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An agreement in which France and England allowed Germany to take over the Sudetenland
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Second Front
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Used to relieve the burden of fighting on the Soviet Union
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Manhattan Project
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making of the Atomic Bomb
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George Kennan
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American diplomat that composed an analysis of Soviet policy
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Containment
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U.S. policy of resisting the expansion of communist influence during the Cold War
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Truman Doctrine
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Policy that commited the U.S. to assist foreign governments threatened by communist forces
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Cold War
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Conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
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Marshall Plan
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The program of economic assistance to rebuild the nations fo Western Europe in the aftermath of WWII
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Korean War
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Communists in North Korea attack South Korea
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Domino Theory
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The belief that the spread of communism to one country would expand to neighboring countries
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The Munich crisis/agreement (1938)
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An agreement in which France and England allowed Germany to take over the Sudetenland
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Second Front
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Used to relieve the burden of fighting on the Soviet Union
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Manhattan Project
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making of the Atomic Bomb
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George Kennan
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American diplomat that composed an analysis of Soviet policy
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Containment
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U.S. policy of resisting the expansion of communist influence during the Cold War
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Truman Doctrine
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Policy that commited the U.S. to assist foreign governments threatened by communist forces
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Cold War
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Conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
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Marshall Plan
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The program of economic assistance to rebuild the nations fo Western Europe in the aftermath of WWII
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Korean War
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Communists in North Korea attack South Korea
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Domino Theory
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The belief that the spread of communism to one country would expand to neighboring countries
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Realism(Conservatism)
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A conservative perspective on international politics emphasizing the inevitability of conflict among nations, the centrality of power, and the everpresent threat of war
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Collective/Group egoism
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The tendency of social groups to view themselves as not only different from other groups but also better in some respect
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Hans Morgenthau
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One of the most influential exponents of a realist approach to international politics
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George Kennan
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American diplomat and Russian/Soviet expert. Shaped the U.S's cold was policy of containment
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Reinhold Niebuhr
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American theologian and social commentator who provided the most succinct definition of conservatism
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Liberalism
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Social, political, and economic philosophy based on a positive view of human nature, the inevitability of social progress, and the harmony of interests
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Idealism
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An approach to international politics based on liberal assumptions and princlples
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Liberal internationalism
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The application of liberal assumptions and principles to international relations
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Democratic liberalism
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A strain of international liberal thought that claims democracies are more peaceful than nondemocracies, especiall with each other
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Security dilemma
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The problem nations face when the actions taken to make one nation feel more secure inevitable make other nations feel less secure
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Anarchy
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The absence of a central governmental/political authority
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Thomas Hobbes
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Society and the absence of government
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Self-help
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Actors need to provide for their own security
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Right=might
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Conflicts tends to be resolved on basis of relative power
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Commercial liberalism
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A version of liberal international thought that stresses the importance of interdependence in trade and investment as a force for peace
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Liberal institutionalism
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A version of liberalism that stresses the positive role of international organizations in promoting cooperation and peace
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Normative liberalism
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Growth and spread of moral and ethical norms; changing view of war
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Nature/Nurture
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Debate over which human behaviors are biologically of instinctually determined as opposed to being socially or culturally conditioned
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Instinct/Learned
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Instinct-biological, Learned-Cultural
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Konrad Lorenz
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influential ethologist who said that like all animals, people have instinct
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Appeasement gesture
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A concept popularized by Lorenz involving displays or signals made by lethal animals while fighting with members of their own species in order to indicate defeat and avoid death
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Evolutionary lag
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Lorenz's idea that humans' intellectual evolution and ability to kill has not been matched by the development of inhibitions against using these abilities to kill members of our own species
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Instrumental violence
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Violence used in pursuit of some identifiable objective
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Peaceful societies
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Historical and contemporary human communities that do not engage in was or even have a concept for it
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Nonfires
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Soldiers who refuse to fire their weapons in battle
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B.F. Skinner
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Social learning theory, people among least instinctual creatures, almost all learned
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Stimulus response
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Used in social learning throry to indicate that human behavior is shaped by social stimuli
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Pseudo specification
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Viewing other humans as if they were not members of one's own species
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Immanuel Kant
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German political philosopher who first proposed that democratic would be unlikely to wage war against each other
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Democratic pacific union
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The separate peace that Immanuel Kant predicted would exist among democratic states
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Rational public thesis
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Hard to demonstate a general preference for peace
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Institutional thesis
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A variant of democratic peace theory that sees the dispersion of power in democracies as the most important reason they are less likely to wage war, especially against each other
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Delicate Balance of Terror
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Fear of suprise attack and first-strike advantage creates crisis instability
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TRIAD
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Weapons on land, in the air, and in the sea, three legs of nuclear arsenal
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Mutual Assured Destruction (M.A.D.)
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A strategic reality and doctrine in which any use of nuclear weapons would inevitably entailone's own destruction
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Nuclear abstainers
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Nationas with the economic and technological ability to build and maintain nuclear weapons who have chosen not to acquire them
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Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT)
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Agreement designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons
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Proliferation optimistis (extreme)
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Those who believe that the spread of the nuclear weapons can contribute to international peace and stability
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Proliferation pessimists
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Those who believe that any spread of nuclear weapons is undesirable and should be prevented
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