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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
An organization characterized by
hierarchical structure, worker specialization, explicit rules, and advancement by merit |
bureaucracy
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the people who make all levels of government work for us
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bureaucracy
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Nineteenth-century practice of rewarding political supporters with public office
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spoils system
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nonmilitary employees of the government who are appointed through the merit system
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civil service
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1883 civil service reform that required the hiring and promoting of civil servants to be based on merit, not patronage
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pendleton act
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1939 law limiting the political involvement of civil servants in order to protect them from political pressure and keep politics out of bureaucracy
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hatch act
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the complex procedures and regulations surrounding bureaucratic activity
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red tape
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the principle that bureaucratic employees should be answerable for their performance to supervisors, all the way up the chain of command
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accountability
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government organizations independent of the departments but with a narrower policy focus
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independent agencies
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individuals who publicize instances of fraud, corruption, or other wrongdoing in the bureaucracy
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whistle blowers
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legislation opening the process of bureaucratic policymaking to the public
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sunshine laws
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a 1966 law that allows citizens to obtain copies of most public records
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sunshine laws
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institutions that sit as neutral third parties to resolve conflicts according to the law
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courts
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a previous decision or ruling that, in common law tradition, is binding on subsequent decisions
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precedent
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trial procedures designed to resolve conflict through the clash of opposing sides, modified by a neutral, passive judge who applies the law
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adversarial system
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trial procedures designed to determine the truth through the intervention of an active judge who seeks evidence and questions witnesses
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inquisitorial system
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laws whose content, or substance, define what we can or cannot do
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substantive laws
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laws that establish how laws are applied and enforced; how legal proceedings take place
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procedural laws
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laws prohibiting behavior the government has determined to be harmful to society
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criminal laws
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laws regulating interactions between individuals
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civil laws
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law stated in the Constitution or in the body of judicial decisions about the meaning of the Constitution handed down in the Courts
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constitutional law
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laws passed by a state or the federal legislature
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statutory laws
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the power of the courts to determine the constitutionality of a law
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judicial review
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case during which Marshall established the concept of judicial review
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Marbury vs. Madison
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a court’s authority to hear certain cases
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jurisdiction
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authority of a court to hear a case first
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original jurisdiction
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a hearing of a case because the losing party in the original trial argues that a point of law was not applied properly
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appeal
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authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts
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appellate jurisdiction
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Justice Department officer who argues the government’s case before the Supreme Court
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solicitor general
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“friend of the court” documents filed by interested parties to encourage the court to grant or deny certiorari or to urge it to decide a case in a particular way
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amicus curiae briefs
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view that the courts should reject any active lawmaking functions and stick to judicial interpretations of the past
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judicial restraint
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view that the courts should be lawmaking policymaking bodies
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judicial activism
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the written decision of the court that states the judgment of the majority
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opinion
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documents written by justices expressing agreement with the majority ruling but describing different or additional reasons for the ruling
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concurring opinions
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an organization of individuals who share a common political goal and are united for the purpose of influencing government decisions
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interest groups
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a group of citizens united by ideology and seeking control of government in order to promote their ideas and policies
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political parties
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voter affiliation with a political party
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party identification
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party government when four conditions are met –
Clear choice of ideologies Candidates pledged to implement ideas Party held accountable by voters and Party control over members |
responsible party model
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list of policy positions a party endorses and pledges its elected officials to enact
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party platform
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mass-based party systems in which parties provided services and resources to voters in exchange for votes
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party machines
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nomination of party candidates by registered party members rather than party bosses
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party primary
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an election signaling a significant change in popular allegiance from one party to another
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critical elections
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substantial and long-term shift in party allegiance by individuals and groups, usually resulting in a change in policy direction
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realignment
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a trend among voters to identify themselves as independents rather than as members of a major party
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dealignment
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primary elections in which only registered party members may vote
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closed primaries
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interest group activities aimed at persuading policymakers to support the group’s positions
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lobbying
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the fundraising arm of an interest group
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political action committees
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benefits available only to group members as inducements to get them to join
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selective incentives
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organize to influence government to produce collective goods or services that benefit the general public
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public interest groups
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direct interaction with public officials for the purpose of influencing policy decisions
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direct lobbying
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tendency of public officials, journalists, and lobbyists to move between public and private sectors
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revolving door
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public activities designed to bring attention to political causes; usually done by those without access to conventional means of expressing their views
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social protest
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indirect lobbying efforts that spring from widespread public concern
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grassroots lobbying
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a practice of unlimited debate in the senat in order to prevent or delay a vote on a bill
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Filibuster
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head of federal agencies and responsible for implementation of national policy; appoints cabinet members (heads of departments and agencies)
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chief administrator
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traditions of granting senior senators of the president's party considerable power over federal judicial appointments in their home state
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senatorial courtesy
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a presidential advisory made up of the vice president, the heads of the federal executive departments, and other high officals to whom the presidnet elects to give cabinet status
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cabinet
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the principle that bureaucracy should be depoliticized by making it more professional
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neutral competence
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limitations or restrictions on the activites of a business or individual
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regulations
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