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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the different types of piston rings? |
Compression, oil control, and scraper rings. |
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What is the purpose of oil control rings? |
To control the thickness of the oil film on the cylinder rings. |
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What may be the result of installing the piston rings incorrectly? |
Excessive oil consumption. |
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What types of piston rods are commonly found in radial engines? |
A master and articulating rod assembly. |
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What type of bearings are in general use in reciprocating engines today? |
1) Plain bearings (crank, cam ring, connecting rods, accessory driveshaft) 2) Roller bearings (crank) 3) Ball bearings (supercharger impeller shaft, rocker arms, propeller thrust bearings) |
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What is indicated by valve blow by? |
A hissing or whistle either from the intake (intake valve) or from the exhaust valve (exhaust valve). |
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What type of inspection must be made after sudden stoppage? |
Inspection of the propeller drive shaft for misalignment and the propeller for track. |
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What instruments can be used to check a cylinder for out of roundness? |
A dial indicator, a telescopic gauge or an inside micrometer. |
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What are the major components of a typical gas turbine? |
Intake section, compression section, diffuser, combustion section, turbine section, exhaust section, accessory section. |
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What are the two principal types of compressors used in turbo jet aircraft? |
Centrifugal and axial flow. |
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What are three types of combustion chamber systems. |
Can, annular, and can-annular. |
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What is the purpose of the interconnector tubes between can-type combustion chambers? |
To spread the flame to combustion chambers that don't have igniters. |
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What types of damage may be found when inspecting compressor blades? |
Dents, scratches, gouges, galling, burns, pitting and cracks. |
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Where are stress rupture cracks most likely to occur on turbine blades? |
On or across from leading or trailing edge of the blades. They usually appear as small hairline cracks at right angles to the edge length. |
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How are compressor blades attached to a disk-type rotor? |
They are fitted into the disks by either bulb-type or fir-tree type roots, then locked by means of screws, locking wires, pins or keys. |
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What are the two most common types of thrust reverse? |
The mechanical-blockage type and the aerodynamic blockage type. |
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What is one method of relieving thermal stress on a turbine disk? |
Bleeding cooling air back onto the disk (75% of bleed air is for cooling purposes). |
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What may be an indication if a turbojet engine is out of trim? |
The engine has a high exhaust temperature (EGT) at target engine pressure ratio (EPR) for takeoff. |
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What is a free turbine? |
A turbine wheel that, rather than driving the compressor rotor, drives a propeller or helicopter transmission. |
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What type of FAA approval is required when a change is made to the engine principle of operation? |
STC (Supplemental Type Certificate) and an FAA 337 form. |
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What type of approval is required when a change is made to the engine principle of operation? |
A new Type Certificate and FAA 337 form. |
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What type of inspection is required after a hot start? |
A hot section inspection using a boresope. |
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What are the main units in an engine fuel flow system? |
A transmitter and an indicator for each engine. |
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What type of readout is indicated on a fuel flow system? |
Pounds of fuel per hour. |
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What is the reason for monitoring fuel flow, other than consumption? |
Whether the engine is operating at the correct fuel-air mixture for a given power setting. |
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What does an intake manifold pressure gauge indicate? |
The absolute pressure in the intake manifold. |
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What are turbine engine tachometers designed to indicate? |
The percent of rotor RPM. |
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What is turbojet EPR? (Engine Pressure Ratio) |
The ratio between total turbine discharge pressures to total inlet pressure and is an indication of thrust being developed by the engine. |
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How can a turbine engine EGT be checked without operating the engine? |
By checking the resistance to thermocouples and circuits. |
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When using a thermocouple type fire detection system, what happens if the engine overheats slowly? |
It will not give a warning. A thermocouple depends on the rate of temperature rise. |
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What method other than the pressure gauge is used to indicate low pressure in a container? |
Some aircraft have a low-pressure warning light in the cockpit. |
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What is the purpose of the yellow and red discharge plugs in a turbine engine fire extinguishing system? |
The yellow plug indicates a normal discharge, and the red plug indicates thermal discharge. |
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What are two methods commonly used to distribute fire-extinguishing agent to the engine? |
Many systems use perforated tubing or discharge nozzles to discharge the agent. |
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How is the extinguishing agent distributed from an HRD system? |
From open-ended tubes. |
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How long does it take to discharge the agent in an HRD system? |
One to two seconds |
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Which type of fire detection system gives a more complete coverage of a fire hazard? |
A continuous-loop detector system. |
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What method is used to control the voltage in an AC generator? |
A Voltage Regulator. |
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When installing single wires or wire bundles, how much slack is normally allowed between supports? |
Slack should not exceed 1/2 in. |
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What precautions should be taken when running wires close to heating ducts or exhaust stacks? |
The wires should be insulated with a high temperature material. |
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What factors must be considered in determining the proper grade of oil to use in a specific engine? |
The operating load, rotational speeds and the operating temperatures. |
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What could be an indication of blocked oil cooler passages? |
High oil temperatures. |
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What would be an indication of an inadequate oil supply? |
Low pressure and high oil temperatures. |
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What two types of oil coolers are used in turbine engine lubrication systems? |
Air-cooled and fuel-cooled. |
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What is the weight of aircraft engine oil? |
Approximately 7.5 lbs per US gallon. (for JP: 6.8 lbs, for AvGas: 6 lbs) |
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What is the purpose of the oil dilution system? |
It thins the oil by introducing fuel into the lubrication system which makes cold weather starting easier. |
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What is a magneto? |
A special type of engine driven AC generator that uses a permanent magnet as a source of high voltage electricity for the spark plugs. |
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What is the E-gap position in a magneto? |
A few degrees past the neutral position. |
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What is a dual magneto system? |
Two magnetos in on housing, with one rotating magnet and a cam, common to two sets of breaker points and coils. On radial engines, the right magneto fires all the front plugs and the left fires all the rear plugs. |
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What is internal timing of a magneto? |
Adjusting the breaker points to open when the rotating magnet is in the E-gap position. |
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What is the purpose of an impulse coupling used with a magneto? |
To spin the magneto rapidly to produce a hot spark for starting the engine and at the same time, retard the timing for the next spark. |
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What is staggered ignition timing? |
The firing of one spark plug before the other, instead of firing them simultaneously. |
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What type of ignition is used in most turbine engines? |
Electronic Capacitor type. |
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When are turbine ignition systems normally in use? |
When starting or restarting. |
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What are two types of igniter plugs? |
Annular gap and Constrained gap. |
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Where are the fuel spray nozzles located in a turbine engine? |
Either externally or internally, on the combustion chamber in such a way that the fuel can be sprayed into the combustion area. |
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What are the two most commonly used carburetors in small reciprocating engines? |
Float type and pressure type. |
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What type of fuel control unit is used in a turbine engine? |
Both hydromechanical and Electronic. |
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What is the purpose of a mixture control in a float type carburetor? |
To control the fuel-air mixture as air density and altitude changes. |
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What will be the result of using excessively rich idle mixtures? |
Spark plug fouling. |
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Where does a pressure injection carburetor obtain fuel pressure? |
From the boost pump for starting and from the engine driven pump for normal operation of the engine. |
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In what position do you place the mixture control of a pressure injection carburetor to stop the engine? |
The "idle cutoff" position. |
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What are the three types of carburetor icing? |
Throttle, impact, and fuel vapor. |
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What is the purpose of strainers in a fuel system? |
To prevent foreign matter from entering the carburetor. |
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What is the purpose of fuel selector valves? |
A means of shutting off fuel flow, for tank and engine selection, for crossfeed and for fuel transfer. |
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What should be looked for when inspecting an engine driven fuel pump? |
Leaks and security of mounting. |
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What is the purpose of an engine driven fuel pump? |
To deliver a continuous supply of fuel at the proper pressure at all times during engine operation. |
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What is the most common type of fuel boost pump? |
The electrically driven centrifugal-type. |
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What are three general causes of vapor lock? |
Low fuel pressure, high fuel temperatures, and excessive fuel turbulence. |
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Turbine engine fuel pumps may be divided into what two distinct system categories? |
Constant displacement and variable displacement. |
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What part of a gas turbine fuel system is very susceptible to the formation of ice? |
The fuel filter. |
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How is the engine fuel system protected from ice formation? |
By using fuel heaters. |
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Why is a micron fuel filter provided with a bypass valve as a necessary safety factor? |
Because it clogs easily. |
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What are the three major parts of a reciprocating engine induction system? |
The air scoop and ducting, the carburetor, and the intake manifold. |
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What effect does induction system icing have on engine performance? |
Loss of power and erratic behavior. |
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What method is used to prevent or remove induction system ice in a reciprocating engine? |
Heated air. |
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How is ice cleared in some aircraft induction systems if the heat is too low. |
By a spray of alcohol, anilol, or mersol into the induction. |
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What are two general classifications of superchargers used in reciprocating engine induction systems? |
Internally driven or externally driven. |
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What unit regulates the amount of exhaust gases to the turbine of a turbocharger? |
The waste gate. |
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What types of power is used to control the position of the turbocharger waste gate on some engines? |
Oil pressure to an actuating piston. |
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What is the most common means of regulating the cooling air flow through a radial engine? |
Cowl flaps. |
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What is the purpose of the fins on engine cylinders? |
To increase the effective size of the cylinder for cooling. |
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What other engine characteristics are designed to aid in engine cooling besides fins? |
The engine cowling and baffles. |
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What should be done to cylinders when too much of the cooling fin area is broken off? |
The cylinder should be replaced. |
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When should the cowling flaps be kept in the open position? |
During ground operations. |
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What publication should be referred to before reprofiling cylinder cooling fins? |
The manufacturer's service or overhaul manual. |
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What sources of power are used to operate the cowl flaps? |
Electrical, hydraulic, or manual operation. |
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What are the main reasons that excessive heat in a reciprocating engine is undesirable? |
It shortens the life of the engine parts, effects lubrication and combustion. |
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What is the source of air that is directed to engine bearings for cooling? |
Bleed air from the compressor section. |
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What types of materials are used to make insulation blankets for turbine engines? |
Stainless steel, aluminum foil, fiberglass, and silver foil. |
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What areas of a turbine engine are cooled by the secondary air passing through the engine? |
The combustion chambers and turbines. |
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What is the purpose of an engine cowling? |
It streamlines the engine and directs air over the engine for cooling. |
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What are two types of reciprocating engine exhaust systems? |
The short stack and the collector. |
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What are the possible hazards of an exhaust system failure? |
Carbon monoxide poisoning of the crew/passengers, partial or complete loss of power, or fire. |
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What is the purpose of a reciprocating exhaust system? |
To dispose of high temperature, noxious gasses. |
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What happens to lead, zinc, or galvanized marks made on an exhaust system? |
It changes the molecular structure of the metal. |
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What type of visual indication can usually be seen in the area of an exhaust leak? |
Flat grey or sooty black streaks on the pipes in the area of the leak. |
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What is the usual cause of muffler and heat exchanger failures? |
heat and vibration cracks, and stress ruptures. |
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Where are exhaust manifold and stack failures most likely to occur? |
At welded or clamped points. |
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What is the most common cause of the waste gate unit malfunctioning in a turbocharger system? |
Valve sticking from carbon buildup. |
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What is the purpose of the waste gate on a turbo-charger exhaust? |
It controls the amount of exhaust gasses forced through the turbine. When the gate is fully closed, all of the gasses pass through. |
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What is the purpose of the propeller. |
To create thrust |
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What are the two classifications of propellers? |
Tractor (pull) and pusher type. |
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What type of propeller has the blade angle built into the propeller and cannot be changed? |
A fixed propeller. |
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What is the purpose of the metal tipping on a leading edge of a wooden propeller? |
To protect the propeller from flying particles in the air during landing taxiing, and takeoff. |
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What is the process of determining the positions of the tips of the propeller blades relative to each other? |
Blade tracking. |
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What tool is used to determine propeller blade angle? |
Universal propeller protractor. |
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What is the meaning of propeller blade "back" and "face"? |
The curved side is the back and the flat side is the face. The face faces the engine and the back faces away. |
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What should be used to clean aluminum and steel propeller blades and hubs? |
Suitable cleaning solvent and a brush or cloth. |
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What positions are used on a balance stand to check a two bladed propeller for static balance? |
First the Vertical position, then horizontal. |
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How is feathering accomplished on a constant speed counterweight propeller? |
Releasing the governor oil pressure allows the counterweights and feathering spring to move the blades to the feathered position. |
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What type of ice control systems are used for propellers? |
Either fluid or electrical. |
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What is the purpose of a slinger ring on some propeller installations? |
To transfer deicing fluid through a nozzle to the blades. |
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Explain blade tracking. |
It's used to determine the position of the blade tips relative to each other. (no more than 1/16th of an inch) |
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Do the counterweights on a constant-speed propeller increase or decrease the blade angle? |
Increase. |
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An APU on a modern transport aircraft performs what functions? |
It supplies ground electrical and pneumatic power. |
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What are the major components of an APU? |
A small turbine powerplant generator and compressor. |
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What is used to start an APU? |
Electrical or hydraulic power. |
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Does the APU use the same fuel supply as the main engines. |
Usually. |
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What controls the speed of the APU? |
The governor on the speed control. |
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What is APU pneumatic power used for? |
Air-conditioning, engine starting, troubleshooting and anti-icing. |
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Abrupt shutdown of an APU, without a cool down period could cause what? |
Thermal shock. |
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How long is a typical cool down period? |
3 minutes. |
