Ppp

geographic area from which the
participants in an activity are drawn. It grows and shrinks with the activity.

determined by local transit systems.

Geotechnical tests to determine the maximum, practically achievable, density of soils and aggregates.

parallel (line that follows latitudes of earth) used as the basis for the east‐west
layout of the US Survey system

parallels between the baselines in the US Survey

meridian (north-south line that follows longitude of earth) that
serves as the basis for the north‐south grid layout of the US Survey

meridians between the principal meridians

verbal description of land that begins at a known point and
describes the bearing and length of each side of the property until the point of the
beginning is reached

change in elevation between two contours. Smaller scaled maps
typically have a larger interval for clarity.

contours point “down” toward the lower elevation

contours point “up” towards the higher elevation

concentric circles with elevations getting higher towards the center

concentric circles with the elevations getting lower towards the center

wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow
bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry‐land
protrusions

an elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is
usually vegetated and is normally without flowing water.

low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of
water while slowly draining to another location. They are more or less around for flood
control when large amounts of rain could cause flash flooding if not dealt with properly

designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the
pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water level gets
above the pond capacity, but still maintains a certain capacity

system of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties,
and allocations of water to owners of waterfront property (includes bottomland, beach,
and upland, but not the water itself). Owners can use water adjacent to their property,
but can’t infringe upon the rights of others to use the water.

water that flows across paved surfaces.

how much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface where 0 is a flat black
surface which absorbs all heat and 1 is a mirror (rate is listed as a fraction).

the speed with which heat passes through a material. Metals are high,
and soils/sand are low.

based on latitude, elevation, and proximity to water. Water reduces
temperature extremes.
Islands/Costal Region = constant & moderate temperature
Arid/Desert Region! ! = low humidity & greater temperature variation
Mountainous Region! ! = winds are forced to rise

based on solar radiation, the angle between the ground and altitude
Greatest sun rays ! ! = perpendicular to ground
Winter Solstice! ! = least hours of sun and low sun angle
Summer Solstice! ! = most hours of sun and high sun angle
Vernal/Autumnal Equinox = equal hours of sun and dark

43,560 square feet

area 24 mi. on a side defined by parallels/meridians & divided into 16 townships

area 6 miles on a side; divided into 36, 1-mile sections

1 mile square parcel of land containing 640 acres

area 1/2 miles on each side

<4% slope

4 - 10% slope

10 - 50% slope

+ 50% slope

0.3% minimum slope

0.4 - 1.4% slope

0.5% minimum slope

1% minimum slope

25% max slope

50% max slope

5% max slope

8% max slope

10% max slope

10% max slope

basic for preparation of architectural drawings

precise condition of site and adjacent structures, bench marks

records completed development

precise, follows spherical shape of the earth

More common, assumes a flat plane of the earth. Includes:
Aerial Photography (Google earth type images)
Construction (includes markers)
Hydrographic (oceans, rivers, lakes, etc)
Land (a description of the site)
Topographic (elevations, slopes)
Route (roads and utility lines)

Taken by hand

remotely measure existing spaces (quick)

establish control points and hand survey to get base coordinate system (takes much longer than laser scanning)

Agricultural

Institutional

Commercial

Natural Resources
Government

Open/Conservation
Industrial

Residential

well drained and able to bear loads (+2 mm)

well drained and can serve as foundation when graded (0.5 - 2 mm)

stable when dry, swells when frozen, do not use when wet (.002 - .05 mm)

must be removed, too stiff whe dry and too plastic when wet ( < .002 mm)

pump out excavation, waterproof basement, resist

hydrostatic pressure (continuous drain pipe installed at foundation)

Use explosives to reduce manual labor

construct deeper foundations or drive piles,

remove poor soil

avoid and be cautious of siting of structure

locations depend on nature of the building and should be 20’-0” past firm strata (through unbearable soil and an additional 20')

- Open warehouses: one in each corner and one in the middle

- Large structures: 50’-0” spacing

- Uniform conditions: 100 - 500’ spacing

High Water Table.

Presence of trouble soils: Peat, soft clay, loose silt, or fine water bearing sands.

Rock close to the surface (require blasting for excavations).

Dumps or Fills.

Evidence of slides or subsidence.

Most economical...$

method. Delivers load directly to soil.

Area of the footing = load/safe bearing capacity

Very expensive...$$$

method. Typically it’s only used when the

strata is weak, and it acts as one

continuous foundation.

holes are drilled to firm

strata and concrete poured. They’re

basically really, really deep spread

footings

like Belled

Caissons, but the hole is drilled deep into

the strata. Bearing capacity comes from end baring and frictional forces.

2-3x cost of spread footings. Driven until tip meets firm resistance

from strata

Driven into softer soil. Friction transmits the load between pile and soil.

bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil

• Allow for new additions/alterations to be different from the older structure, but must be

complementary in massing, size, scale, and architectural features

• Criteria must be met if Federal Tax Credits will be used

• Takes precedence over state/local regulations

• Clients may discover historical significance during site analysis. Archaeological activity

and proper handling of structures/artifacts must take place.

Building Efficiency = Net Area/Gross Area

Floor Area Ratio (FAR) = Gross Area/Site Area

Net Area = measured from inside walls

Gross Area = measured from exterior face of walls

Furniture, Furnishings, & Equipment Services

• Services are applicable to project of all sizes

• The budget for FF&E is about 3-4x Interior design fees.

• Specialized knowledge is required with respect to construction, fabric types, available

lines, specification of furniture and fabrics, installation procedures, building codes,

regulations in commercial projects.

• Understand client’s budget, and evaluate needs and constraints, to determine starting

point for programming.

Method cities use to issue bonds to pay for civic improvements (sewers/streets) with the intention that it will stimulate development in that area. During redevelopment, taxes are based on the pre-improved assessed value of the property. After redevelopment, taxes (and assessed value) increase due to the improvements. The

difference in tax increment is used to repay the bonds.

Used to fund a civic project (library, police/fire station) and require voter approval. All taxpayers in jurisdiction help pay off bond through property tax.

used to fund infrastructure needed to support new developments.

Paid by developers...who generally look to develop areas with lowest fee.

An additional, long term cost to the owner, to pay off the construction loan for a project. Typically not included in the original project cost.

Tax based on the value of the property

decreasing or accounting for an amount over a period of time.

dispersed activities likely with no center or core.

and all directions, and is flexible efficient, and economical

• Convenient and easy to access by both automobile and public transportation.

• Typically car-centric, and not pedestrian friendly

• Street Mall = 800’ long (that’s 4 Portland city blocks long!!) with each store given

about 20’-30’ of frontage and 120-140’ depth.

• A mix of tenants, shopping, food, and services (dry cleaners, banks, etc)

• Allow 2x parking per building size (1,000 sf building = 2,000 sf parking)

the connections that humans subconsciously seek with the rest of life.

something organic (wood fiber, paper, cotton, etc.) that mold can use

as an energy source. Mold cannot eat inorganic materials like concrete, brick, or gypsum

(but it loves the paper on drywall!)

measure of heat transmission where a Low U-value has a slow heat loss or gain

(brick wall) and a High U-value has a rapid heat loss or gain (window)

measure of thermal resistance in a component. (U-Value = 1/R-Value) and

typically the opposite of an U-Value. Used to define level of insulation.

ability of a material to store heat (concrete/masonry walls store heat in an

arid climate and release it slowly at night)

Hot & Dry: minimize sun exposure and effects of wind. Use small windows. Optimize

thermal mass for large temperature swing during the day, and closely cluster buildings

for the shade the offer each other.

Hot & Humid: minimize sun exposure, maximize natural ventilation. Use lightweight

construction to minimize radiation of heat and space buildings far apart for breezes

Temperate: maximize solar gain in the winter, minimize in the summer. Maximize

breezes in the summer, minimize in the winter. Take advantage of daylighting

opportunities

Cold: orient buildings/openings for maximum protection from cold winds and use small

windows/compact shapes to minimize heat loss. Use south facing windows to

maximize solar gains.

Environmental Impact Report

1. decorative landcape pond

2. an area where rainwater can be retained and discharged into a storm drain.

check (576 square miles, 24 mile long sides)

township (36 square miles, 5 mile long sides)

section (1 square mile, 1 mile long sides)

department store (not necessarily a mall but a single store)

office

apartment

hospital

Think about it in terms of Building Efficiency = Net SQFT/Gross SQFT

toilet

kitchen sink

allowing water to penetrate/ pass through

CFC (high)

HFCF

HFC (low)

ISO 14000 is a family of standard that relates to environmental management. It evaluates the environmental performance of services and products. It includes Design for Environmental, Life Cycle Assessment, and Environmental Labels & Declaration