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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When comparing a mouse to an elephant, the mouse has a _____ surface area to volume ratio and a _____ mass-specific basal metabolic rate.
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*higher; higher
-lower; lower - higher; lower - lower; higher |
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A homeostatic set point is best described as _____.
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- a structure that senses some aspect of the
external or internal environment - a structure that helps restore a desired internal condition * a normal or target value for a controlled variable - a structure that evaluates the incoming sensory information and "decides" whether a response is necessary to achieve homeostasis |
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How does a selectively permeable membrane affect diffusion?
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- All molecules move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.
* Only some molecules move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. - Only some molecules move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. - All molecules move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. |
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If alcohol inhibits ADH release, what is predicted?
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- typical amounts of normal concentrated urine
- large amounts of concentrated urine * large amounts of dilute urine - small amounts of concentrated urine |
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A drug that inhibits chloride pumping out of the ascending limb of Loop of Henle would result in _____.
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- higher osmolarity inside the bottom of the nephron
- less salt in the descending limb - less salt in the ascending limb * less water removed from the descending limb |
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A valuable nutrient such as glucose is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule into the blood through what process?
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- osmosis through aquaporins
* cotransport with sodium - passive diffusion across the cell membrane - primary active transport using an ATPase pump |
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The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to _____, and the thick portion of the ascending limb is permeable to _____.
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*water; Na+ and Cl-
-water; urea -urea; water -Na+ and Cl-; water |
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Why is the surface area of the small intestine so high?
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-to better digest food
-to better eliminate waste *to better absorb nutrients and water -to better remove pathogens |
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The chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the _____.
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-stomach
*mouth -small intestine -pancreas |
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What is disrupted in individuals with people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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-the pancreas producing insulin
*converting glucose to glycogen -the pancreas producing glucagon -converting glycogen to glucose |
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Which of the following is true regarding blood glucose homeostasis?
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-All patients suffering from diabetes mellitus must take regular insulin injections.
*Insulin is released in response to increased blood glucose. -Glucagon is released in response to increased blood glucose. -The most important risk factor for Type 1 diabetes is obesity |
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What would you predict if the curve of O2 saturation was steeper than normal?
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*a larger change in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin to a change in oxygen partial pressure
-a smaller change in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin to a change in oxygen partial pressure -no change in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin to a change in oxygen partial pressure -a constant change in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin to a change in oxygen partial pressure |
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Which of the following does NOT correctly represent blood flow through the heart?
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-from the vena cava to the right atrium
*from the left ventricle to the aorta -from the right ventricle to the left ventricle -from the right atrium to the right ventricle |
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A blood vessel that takes blood to the heart is a(n) _____.
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-lymphatic vessel
-artery -capillary *vein |
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In terms of signaling, what is most significant about action potentials?
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*the frequency
-the number of phases -the magnitude -the number of partial action potentials |
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A neuron sends a signal toward another neuron along its _____.
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-cell body
-dendrites -ion channels *axon |
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At resting potential, the inside and outside of a neuron differ in _____.
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-sodium ion concentration
-charge -potassium ion concentration *All of the above |
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During an action potential, why is there a positive feedback loop for the opening of sodium channels?
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*to rapidly depolarize the membrane
-to rapidly repolarize the membrane -to quickly diminish the signal -to trigger the closing of potassium channels |
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During an Action Potential, where do potassium channels begin to open up?
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-at the hyperpolarization phase
*at the peak of the depolarization phase -during the resting potential -at the base of the depolarization phase |
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The depolarization phase of an action potential is characterized by _____.
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-diffusion of sodium out of the cell
-active transport of sodium into the cell *diffusion of sodium into the cell -active transport of sodium out of the cell |
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Action potentials are only propagated "downstream" (away from the cell body) because _____.
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-potassium channels upstream are refractory to action potentials
-sodium ions only move upstream along the inside of the cell membrane *sodium channels upstream are refractory to action potentials -sodium ions only move downstream along the inside of the cell membrane |
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Neurotransmitters are released from neurons in response to the increase in intracellular concentration of what ion?
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-chloride
-potassium *calcium -sodium |
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Which of the following is most likely to result in an action potential at a postsynaptic neuron?
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-few EPSPs and few IPSPs
-many EPSPs and many IPSPs -few EPSPs and many IPSPs *many EPSPs and few IPSPs |
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The sympathetic nervous system would fall under the _____.
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*autonomic nervous system
-afferent division -somatic nervous system -the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Which of the following types of sensory receptors would sense changes in pressure?
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-electroreceptors
*mechanoreceptors -photoreceptors -nociceptors |
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Depolarization of hair cells in the mammalian ear results from increases in intracellular concentrations of what ion?
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-calcium
*potassium -sodium -chloride |
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The sour taste of a grapefruit results from the binding of which of the following to chemoreceptors on the tongue?
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-sodium ions
*hydrogen ions -glutamate -glucose molecules |
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What would occur if the uptake of calcium ions was blocked in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
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-sustained muscle relaxation
-quicker repolarization of cell membrane *sustained muscle contraction -blocked reuptake of acetylcholine |
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Which of the following structures shortens when a muscle contracts?
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*sarcomeres
-Z disk -thick filaments -thin filaments |
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A muscle is contracted when which of the following occurs?
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-Troponin binds to myosin.
-Calcium levels in the muscle cell are low. *Calcium binds to troponin. -Troponin and tropomyosin block the myosin binding site on actin. |
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Which of the following is the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction?
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-norepinephrine
*acetylcholine -serotonin -myosin |
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What will occur if acetylcholine is not released from the neuromuscular junction?
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-binding of myosin to actin
-nothing, acetylcholine is only present in neurons -sustained muscle contraction *paralysis |
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Negative feedback is defined as _____.
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-stimulation of hormone release by another hormone
*the product of a process inhibits its production -the product of a process stimulates its production -inhibition of hormone release by another hormone |
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The main hormone released in response to short-term stress is _____, and to long-term stress is _____.
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-epinephrine; leptin
-leptin; cortisol *epinephrine; cortisol -cortisol; epinephrine |
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Which of the following is an accurate pathway of hormonal release?
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-hypothalamus, CNS, anterior pituitary
-anterior pituitary, CNS, hypothalamus -CNS, anterior pituitary, hypothalamus *CNS, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary |
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What accounts for the fact that the hormone estrogen only affects the uterus, hypothalamus, and mammary glands?
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-Only the uterus, hypothalamus, and mammary glands have estrogen hormone response elements.
-Estrogen only reaches the uterus, hypothalamus, and mammary glands. *Only the uterus, hypothalamus, and mammary glands have estrogen receptors. -Estrogen receptors are intracellular. |
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The second messenger in liver cells stimulated by epinephrine is _____.
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*cAMP
-glucose -adenyl cyclase -phosphorylase |
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How does testosterone release differ from cortisol release?
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-The signal for release of testosterone does not originate in the brain.
-Only testosterone is triggered by pituitary hormones. -Instead of the hypothalamus, the thalamus releases the control hormone. *Only testosterone is triggered by FSH. |
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What would occur if estradiol levels were kept low throughout a menstrual cycle?
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*Ovulation would not occur.
-Ovulation would occur late in the cycle. -Progesterone levels will spike. -Ovulation would occur early in the cycle |
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What would occur if follicle stimulating hormone levels were kept low throughout a menstrual cycle?
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-Progesterone would be maintained at a high level.
*No Estrogen (estradiol) would be produced. -Estrogen would be maintained at a high level. -The lining of the uterus would remain thickened |
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Release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is stimulated by which of the following hormones?
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-progesterone
-testosterone -luteinizing hormone (LH) *gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Ovulation is directly triggered by a surge in which of the following hormones?
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*luteinizing hormone (LH)
-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -progesterone -estrogen |
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How does a birth control pill operate to prevent fertilization?
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-It blocks progesterone receptors.
-Sperm is killed via toxin. -It delivers continuous luteinizing hormone. *It delivers continuous progesterone |
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Which of the following is most accurate regarding blood vessels leading to a fresh wound?
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-Vessels are constricted both near and farther from the wound.
*Vessels are constricted near the wound and dilated farther away. -Vessels are dilated near the wound and constricted farther away. -Vessels are dilated both near and farther from the wound. |
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Which of the following is the most important barrier to pathogen entry?
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-the mucous coat
-the waxy secretions -the secretion of lysozyme *the skin |
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What is the difference between a B-cell receptor and an antibody?
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-Only B-cell receptors are considered immunoglobulins.
*Antibodies lack a transmembrane domain. -B-cell receptors only bind to antigens that are modified by other cells. -Antibodies are recognized by B-cell receptors |
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The acquired response differs from the innate response based on which of the following attributes?
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-recognition of foreign cells
*specificity of the response -lysis of bacterial pathogens -induction of the inflammatory response |
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What is responsible for the activation of lymphocytes?
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*encountering the specific antigens to which they are programmed to respond
-antigen binding to pattern recognition receptors -interaction with T-helper cells -cytokines |
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B cell receptors are most similar to which of the following proteins?
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-pattern recognition receptors
-T cell receptor -major histocompatibility protein (MHC) *antibodies |
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B cells and T cells have variable receptors that allow them to recognize virtually any epitope. What is responsible for this diversity?
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-alternatively spliced transcripts
-posttranslational modification of protein -expression of different receptor genes *gene recombination |
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Which of the following will specifically lyse cells infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens?
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-neutrophils
-B cells *CD8+ T cells -CD4+ T cells |
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Antigen presenting cells use _____ to activate CD4+ T cells and _____ to activate CD8+ T cells.
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*class II MHC proteins; class I MHC proteins
-cytokines; class II MHC proteins -class I MHC proteins; cytokines -class I MH proteins; class II MHC proteins |
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Which of the following best represents the humoral immune response?
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-activation of clotting factors
-secretion of chemokines *production of antibodies -activation of cytotoxic T cells |
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Osmosis is the movement of __________
while diffusion is the movement of _____. |
*water; solutes
-water; water -solutes; water -solutes; solutes |
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At what point is energy used to create the osmotic gradient found in the Loop of Henle?
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*Na+ and Cl- pumps of the thick ascending limb
-Osmosis of water in the descending limb -Facilitated diffusion of Na+ and Cl- in the thin ascending limb -None of the above -All of the above |
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What powers the co-transport of HCO3
- and Cl- ? |
-The proton pump
-The chloride channel -The high concentration of protons produced by the dissociation of H2CO3 *The high concentration of HCO3- produced by the dissociation of H2CO3 |
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Glucose is absorbed due to the presence of:
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*An electrochemical gradient created by the Na/K pump
-An active transport molecule that pumps glucose -Passive transport of glucose from the lumen into epithelial cells |
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How does cooperative binding affect the rate of O2 binding to hemoglobin?
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-Each hemoglobin protein can bind a single O2 molecule; once that O2 binds, the next will bind another hemoglobin protein more easily.
-Each hemoglobin protein can bind four O2 molecules; once all four are bound, the next hemoglobin protein will bind its O2 more easily. *Each hemoglobin protein can bind four O2 molecules; once one O2 binds that protein, the next will bind the same hemoglobin protein more easily |
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Which of the following will have
a higher rate of diffusion? |
-a large respiratory surface that is at least 100 cells thick
*a large respiratory surface that is one to two cells thick -a small respiratory surface that is at least 100 cells thick -a small respiratory surface that is one to two cells thick |
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During depolarization of the membrane, _____.
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-the membrane potential changes from neutral charge to a positive charge
-the membrane potential changes from highly positive to neutral -the membrane potential changes from highly positive to highly negative *the membrane potential changes from highly negative to positive |
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Ligand-gated channels move ions via:
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*Facilitated Diffusion
-Diffusion -Active Transport -Osmosis |
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Neurons communicate by:
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-Releasing neurotransmitters into neighboring neurons.
-Releasing sodium ions that physically move from one neuron to the next. *Releasing neurotransmitters that trigger action potentials to spread down the length of the neighboring neuron. -Releasing neurotransmitters that trigger sodium to rush down the length of the neighboring neuron. |
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Which of the following are examples of active transport?
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-Acetylcholine Receptor in muscle cell membrane
-Calcium Voltage Gated Channel in sarcoplasmic reticulum *Calcium pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum -Potassium channels in hair cells -All of the above |
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Hormones work to:
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-maintain homeostasis.
-increase blood glucose levels when they are low. -decrease blood glucose levels when they are high. -None of the above. *All of the above. |
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Why can steroids cross the phospholipid membrane?
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-There are specific channels in the phospholipid membrane for steroid hormones.
*Steroid hormones are lipid-based molecules and therefore can move across the lipid bilayer. -Steroids are actively transported against their concentration gradient into the cell. -Steroids follow water into the cell. |
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A hormone will act to _____.
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-increase the rate of transcription by binding an
intracellular receptor and activating gene expression -change cellular activity of the target cell -None of the above. *All of the above. |
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Which of these is a true statement about hormonal control of the menstrual cycle?
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-LH is inhibited during the entire cycle by negative
feedback of estradiol. -Day 0 is marked by a spike of both LH and FSH. *When estrogen levels are low, they inhibit LH through negative feedback; when they are high, they exert positive feedback on LH. -When progesterone levels are high, they exert positive feedback on LH and FSH. |
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Antigens are ________________, whereas antibodies are _____.
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*present on the foreign molecule; produced in response to a specific foreign molecule
-produced in response to a foreign molecule; the functional component of the immune system -present on the foreign molecule; also present on a foreign molecule -none of the above |
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What is the function of B cells?
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-Activate T cells cells
*Secrete antibodies -Kill infected host cells -All of the above |