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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Biology?
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The branch of science that deals with living organisms and vital processes.
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What are some properties of life?
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Order in structure; response to environment; constant internal environment; energy required; growth and development; reproduction.
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What does evolution account for?
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Unity and diversity of life; adaptation of organisms to environment.
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How does biological organization work?
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There is a hierarchy of structural levels.
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What are the levels of biological organization?
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atoms-molecules-macromolecules-organelles-cells-tissue-organs-organ systems-organisms-populations-community-ecosystem-biosphere.
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What are atoms?
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The chemical building blocks of all matter.
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How are molecules formed?
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Atoms bond to other atoms.
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How are macromolecules formed?
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The joining of smaller molecules.
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How are organelles formed?
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Macromolecules and smaller molecules form minute structures that perform specific function.
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What are tissues made of?
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Similar cells that make a functional unit.
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What are organs?
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Specialized unit made of different tissues that perform a very specific function in the body.
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What do organ systems do?
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Take care of a major need of the body.
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What is a species?
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Organisms of the same kind.
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What does a population consist of?
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All the members of a species living in a given area at the same time.
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What is a biological community made of?
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All of the populations of organisms living in a particular area.
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What is an ecosystem made of?
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The biological community and its physical, nonliving environment.
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What kind of components does an ecosystem have?
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Biotic and abiotic components.
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What is the first major process in an ecosystem?
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The recycling of nutrients.
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What is the second major process in an ecosystem?
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The flow of energy.
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What does biosphere refer to?
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That part of the planet Earth that is inhabited by organisms.
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What is ecology?
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The study of the interaction between organisms and their biotic and abiotic environment.
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What are emergent properties?
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Characteristics not found at lower levels.
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What causes emergent properties?
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The arrangement and interaction of parts as complexity increases.
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What is reductionism?
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Taking a complex system apart into more manageable components in order to understand how it works.
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What is the dilemma of reductionism?
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We cannot explain a higher level of order by breaking it down into its components.
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How do organisms interact with their environment?
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They exchange matter and energy with it.
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How does energy flow?
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In one direction, from light to heat passing through many exchanging steps in ecosystems formed by producers and consumers.
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Why is the flow of energy from producer to consumer never 100%?
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Some energy is lost at every step in the form of heat.
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What does life require?
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Energy transfer and transformation.
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What is the ultimate source of energy used by organisms?
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The sun.
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What does photosynthesis do?
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Transforms radiant energy into chemical energy used by organisms.
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Structure and function are correlated at which levels of organization?
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All levels of organization.
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What do biological structures provide?
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Information about how it is used, its function.
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What does the function of a structure provide?
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Insight about how it is made.
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What are cells?
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The basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
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What are the two main types of cells?
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Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
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What are the properties of prokaryotic cells?
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No nucleus; one DNA; circular DNA (no free ends); lack membrane bound organelles.
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What are the properties of eukaryotic cells?
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Nuclues; several DNA strands in nucleus; chromosomes with free ends; membrane bound organelles.
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What is the continuity of life based on?
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Heritable information in the form of DNA.
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What are genes made of?
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DNA.
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What is DNA made of?
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A double helix.
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What is each strand of the helix made of?
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Four kinds of molecules called nucleotides.
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What does the sequential arrangement of the 4 nucleotides contain?
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The precise info of a gene, making the genetic code.
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What is the entire set of genetic information contained in a cell called?
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The genome, found in the chromosomes.
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How do the chromosomes of the two types of cells differ?
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The way the DNA is organized with associated proteins.
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What is the cytosol?
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The part of the eukaryotic cells that is not nucleus.
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What is the gene expression?
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The entire process by which the information in a gene directs the production of a cellular product.
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What does high-throughput technology do?
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Analyzes biological material rapidly and produces enormous volume of data.
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What does bioinformatics do?
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It allows the storage, organization, analysis, and integration of the data produced by high-throughput technology.
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What do feedback mechanisms do?
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Regulate biological systems.
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What does evolution account for?
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The unity and diversity of life.
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What is taxonomy?
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The science of classifying organisms.
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What is the basic unit of classification?
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The species.
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What is the order of taxonomic classification?
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Species-genus-family-order-class-phylum-kingdom-domains.
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What are the 3 domains?
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Bacteria and archaea (prokaryotic), and eukarya (eukaryotic).
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What are the 4 kingdoms in the eukarya?
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Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia.
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How are the fungi, plant, and animal kingdoms distinguished?
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Their mode of nutrition.
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What is the mechanism of evolution?
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Natural selection.
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