Professional Practice (Ecor 4995)

The application of scientific and meth principles to practicals ends.

Necropolis, Sphinx, Pyramids

Weapons of war (battering rams)

Architektons

The Acropolis, The Parthenon

The Aqueducts

Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman

Steam engine & Crank

First woman to design aircraft and Canadian

- Specialized knowledge from education/training

- Obligation to public

- Self-governing and disciplined

- Code of ethics

- Expected compensation

- Licence required

- May be required by law

- Right to use P. Eng & engineer

- Recognition by employers/clients

- Commitment to the profession

- Participation in professional regulation

- Global advantage

- Opportunities for advancement

Ontario Society of Professional Engineers

- Voice of Ontario engineers, supporting and representing their interests

Association of Consulting Engineering Companies:

- Help member firms to be successful by working with governing bodies to promote a positive business climate

Engineering Institute of Canada:

- Develop and promote continuing education

- National organization of the provincial and territorial associations that regulate the practice of engineering in Canada

- Federal promotion and media relations

- Constituent Associations

- Board of Directors

- Committees

The 12 provincial and territorial regulatory bodies.

Directors appointed by the prov./territorial bodies, and the four chairs of CEAB, CEQB, N CDEAS, and CEO-Group

Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board:

- Accredits university programmes

- Maintains the quality and relevance of engineering education

Canadian Engineering Qualifications Board:

- Develops national guidelines on professional engineering qualifications

- Responsible for the Professional Practice Exam (PPE)

- Audit committee

- Executive committee

- Awards committee

- Government Relations and Public Affairs Committee

- Admissions Advisory Committee

- Women in Engineering Committee

Professional Engineers of Ontario:

- Created by the Professional Engineers Act

- PEO administers and enforces the Professional Engineers Act of Ontario

- Sets the standards of practice for engineers, licences, and disciplines engineers

1. Regulatory

2. Standards and Tribunal

3. Licensing and Registration

- Staff gather evidence

- Complaints committee decides to:

- Refer to discipline committee

- Dismiss the complaint

- Issue a letter of advice

- Collect more info

- Develops the standards of knowledge, ethics, qualification, and skill for PEO members

- Disciplines members by:

- Revoking licences

- Suspending licences

- Limiting one's professional work

Discipline - Complaints against licenced engineers

Enforcement - Concerned with practice by non-engineers, improper use of engineering titles, and unauthorized practice of engineers.

- 4 year B. Eng

- 48 months acceptable engineering

- Passed the PPE

- Meet language requirements

- Good character with 3 references

- Must be 18 y/o

1. Application of theory

2. Practical experience

3. Management of engineering

4. Communication skills

5. Social implications of engineering

OSPE - Advocacy group

PEO - Regulatory body

Recognizes the equivalency of accredited engineering education systems between countries.

- Regard public welfare as paramount

- Enhance public regard for profession

- Express only well-founded opinions

- Disclose conflicts of interest immediately

- Review colleague's work only with their knowledge

- Not slander another professional

- Not pay or accept bribes

- Expose unethical/dishonest conduct

Knowing and doing actions that one believes will create positive results.

(If an issue involves action, it's an ethical issue)

Virtued-based ethics require:

- Interiorizing good values

- Leaning good habits

- Cultivating virtues

A cultivated habit of character which enables and directs one to by attentive, caring, understanding, and informed/responsible.

Every ethical virtue is a condition falling between the extremes of excess and deficiency.

Good people with good intent can perform wrong actions.

Strangers must rely on rules and obligations not character evaluation.

Pioneered by John Locke to allow all persons full liberty and full participation in society.

When living in society, we use reason to live according to social contracts.

Public - Our obligation is to avoid infringing on the rights of others

Private - Ensures maximum liberty for personal ethical and religious convictions

Pioneered by Immanuel Kant.

Ethics rooted in the private realm, identified with the inner, individual life of personal conviction and rational autonomy.

- Live by maxims you would desire to be universal law

- Respect others' humanity

- Conflicting obligations

- Overemphasis on law -- not relationships

- Contradiction between will and actions

- Sometimes best intent leads to worst outcome

Pioneered by John Stuart Mill.

Consulting the feelings of all and pursue the good for the greatest number.

Judges moral worth of actions in terms of the consequences.

Who determines the good?

Majority outweighs minorities, excluding the most vulnerable.

Sometimes horrible actions can be positive for majority -- murdering a dictator?

Breach of the Professional Engineer's Act excluding a breach of the Code of Ethics.

It is an offence to threaten an employee with termination to refrain from providing information about an offence committed by an employer.

1. Organize your content

2. Know your audience

3. Be confident

- Reason

- Reader

- Restrictions

- Research

The system of law in all of Canada (except Quebec) where judges decide cases.

Law in Quebec. Judges decide case, but the Civil Code takes precedence.

Civil law is anything non-criminal, including tribunals.

Criminal law is governed by statute and common law.

A tort law is a civil wrong, other than breach of contract.

It is concerned with shifting loss from a plaintiff to a defendant.

A court proceeding shall not be commenced in respect to a claim made over two years ago against engineers.

When the person with the claim first knew about the offence or loss.

Or... when a reasonable person ought to know there was damage.

1. The existence of the contract

2. The breach of the contract

3. Damages were caused to the plaintiff

4. The damages resulting were foreseeable

1. Proof lack of contract

2. Proof lack of breach

3. Proof no damages occurred from breach

4. Proof the damages were not foreseeable

1. Duty of care is owed

2. Breach of care occurs by falling below standard

3. Damage occurs due to the breach

4. Damages were foreseeable

- No duty of care owed

- No breach of care occured

- Damage did not occur

- Damage was not foreseeable

- Occurrence policies protect your actions made during the policy term

- Claims policies protect claims made by others during the policy term

The exclusive right to make, use, etc. Must be a new, novel idea.

Licencing the appearance (not functionality) of something.

The term is 10 years.

A brand that differentiates products.

There is no expiry. The renewal date is 15 years.

Anything electronic/written/created. Cannot be reproduced for 50 years + creator's life.

1. Corporations (most popular)

2. Sole proprietorship

3. Partnership

- Basic, and not a legal entity

- Unlimited liability

- Few legal formalities

- Two or more people own the business

- Shared liability

1. General

2. Limited

3. Limited Liability

1. Right to vote

2. Right to receive property upon dissolution

3. Right to receive dividends

Facilitates collective bargaining between employers and unions.

Applies to all workplaces, except when it doesn't.

Committees begin negotiation.

Employer has to try to accommodate them.

1. Know the hazards

2. Develop proper systems

3. Maintain communication

4. Proper training and monitoring

5. Clarifying responsibilities for supervisors/employees

Corporations can be charged $500 000

Individuals can be charged $25 000 or do one year of prison.

For a corporation, there's a fine up to a $100 000.

For individuals, imprisonment is (max) life in prison.

- OHSA

- Canada Labour Code

- Criminal Code of Canada

Engineers must take due diligence.

Employer - Overall responsibility that safety systems are in place

Supervisor - Ensuring that the safety systems are being followed and used correctly

Employee - Must obey the law, wear PPE, and use safety systems.

The right to know safety precautions.

The right to participate in safety committees

The right to refuse unsafe work.

Any behaviour or condition (acute, latent, or chronic) that may cause illness or injury.

Inhalant

Injection

Ingestion

Skin absorption

Physical

Chemical

Biological

Ergonomic

1. Source

2. Path

3. Worker

4. Administration

Freedom of religion, thought, media, etc.

Not education or speech.

Race is physical characteristics

Cultured is learned and shared sociality

Ethnicity is a combination, which exists as part of a sub-national identity.

Technology

Population

Information

Wider, with risk management. And any action is better than no action.

Old businesses are risk averse, and no action is better than the wrong action.

1. Collaborative

2. Consultative

3. Autocratic

Small - 20-49

Medium - 50-249

Large - 250+

- Uncertainty

- Lack of structure

- Short term decision making

- Prestartup

- Startup

- Growth

- Maturity

- Decline/Rebirth

- Licenced PEng

- Currently engaged with consulting firm

- At least 5 years experience

- Partner or employee of firm with CoA

1. Direct appointment (most profitable)

2. Formal selection (generally profitable)

3. Lowbid (least profitable)

1. Economic development

2. Environmental Policy

3. Societal Progress

1. Limited foresight

2. Limited spatial scope

3. Lack of valuation of externalities

4. Disproportional cost (people are valued more than energy/environment)

Waste management and spills.

Fines are up to $10 000 000 for Corp.

Or 5 years in prison for individual.

Encourages investment in green technology.

1. Principle negotiation - Collaborating

2. Facilitating mediation - Someone mediates

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act.

Governs collection, use, and disclosure of personal info.

Does not apply to BC, Berta, or QC

1. If consent is obtained

2. If the message includes the senders contact info

3. If you can unsubscribe

- Make it easy to understand

- Facilitate access to information

- Tell your own story

Proactive - Good story to tell

Reactive - Respond to a story (don't answer all the questions)

Crisis - Stick to your story, and timeliness

Concern, cAring, show Perspective, and take aCtion