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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When and who found ionic memory |
Sperling 1960 |
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Ionic memory uses what to measure? |
T-scope Permits brief display and rapid switches between displays Presented display od 9-12 letters |
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Ionic memory consists of what properties? |
Visual sensory memory Precategorical |
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Sperling concluded from ionic memory |
Ps could report 4-5 letters Claims that they could actually see the whole thing but forgot it while reporting (fade away) |
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What was sperlings partial report |
Procedure to overcome limitations of immediate memory Cue was given after the display to indicate which part to report 3x partial = whole report |
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Delayed recall for 1 second in partial report what happened |
Pa did no better then pa giving whole report |
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How long does visual memory held for |
150-200milsec If delayed About 1 sec then its no better then whole report/ forgotten |
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What type of information does the visual memory hold |
Unprocessed form |
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Iconic memory reporting by category |
Not as good as physical location Therefore, icon holds information not yet processed Categorical = whole report |
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What is masking |
Icons can be earsed by othrr stimuli presented immediately after the icon |
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Echonic memory |
A memory system that recieves auditory sensory stimuli and perserves them briefly |
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Who and when studied echonic memory |
Moray et al. 1965 |
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What procedure was used for echonic memory |
4 eared listening task 4 different messages went at the same time, in 4 auditory locations, cue selscted parts of the auditory display for partial report |
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Similatities between echo and icon |
Storw information breifly |
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Differnces bw icon and echo |
Echo can be qued categorically Echo can last longer even as long as 20 seconds |
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What did cowder and morton 1969 perform in their study |
Recall 3 conditions: Silent vocalization (read) Active vocalization (say) Passive vocalization (hear) |
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What did cowder and morton find |
Few errors on: Active vocalization Passive vocalization High error: Silent |
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Modality effect |
Superior recall for end of list when auditory mode Capasity is relatively large, but length of time can be quite short Categorical Unprocessed |
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Exp 2 for crowder and morton |
Suffix added to end of list (zero or tone) Found errors with zero suffix Less errors with tone The more auditory similarities there is between the suffix and the items on the list, the greater the suffix effect |
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Short term memory |
Last a short while: 1 min to a day |
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Miller 1956 magic number |
7+-2 = the number of seperate items one can keep in memory at one time Can increase memory span by chunking the individual units into smaller units |
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2 types of sensory memory |
Iconic memory Echonic memory |
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Information processing approach |
Environmental input > sensory registor (visual, auditory) > Temorary working memory (control processes:rehersal, coding, decisions, retrieval strategies)> response output or two arows back and forth to longterm store (permanent) |
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Stroop demonstrated what |
The automaticity of reading |
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Actomatic processing if |
Occurs without intention You are unaware of it Does not interfer with other processess It is unaffected by practice |
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Who created the criteria for automaticity |
Posner and snyder 1975 |
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Automatic vs controlled was demonstrated by |
Schneider and shiffrin 1977 Virtual search task (same category or type or not, present or not present) |
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Automatic vs controlled |
Automatic Easy tast Parelle Pop out Controlled Hard task Serial |
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Disadvantaves of automaticity |
Very hard to act against automatic behavior Errots and action slips can happen |
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Who created the feature integration theory |
Triesman |
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Feature integration theory |
We percieve objects in two distint stages: 1. Preattentive = automatic register feature 2. Attentitive = controlled: glue individual features to whole units |
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Controlled attention: white bear study was conducted by and exicuted by |
Wegner 1987 Ps instructed to NOT think about white bears = ps think about white bear When ps are give something else to think about its much less dificult to redirect the mind Explanation: When try to suppress a thought- search for other things to attend to- those things then become associated to white bears |
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Cell phones and driving was conducted by |
Johnson and strayer 2001 Primary task= press button when red light signals Secondary task= Listen to radio Hand held phone conversation Hands free phone conversation Results Phones took more the double the amount of time to stop and and similar to chances of missing red light Rasios = reaction time slightly faster Chances of missing light slightly higher |
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Who studied texting and driving |
Drew et al in 2009 Driving simulator |
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What was drew et al results |
Reading text slowest response time, then sending text. Both higher then driving only. Slowed reaction time with texting Drivers increased following distance Lane drift 6x mote like to crash |
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What is the percentage of people that have teported driving and texting |
91% |
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Subliminal messages |
Karreman et al 2006 Subliminal prime = drink ice tea Manipulated thirst Results Short lived Very minimal |
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Who persented verbal passages backwards |
Vokey and read 1985 Subjects could report Male or female voice Same or different voice Could not report any of the meaning When told the phrase to listen for many heard it |
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Hemineglect |
Disruption in ability to look at something in the often left field of vision and pay attention to it A disorder in attention in ehich one half of the perceptual world is neglected to some degree and cannot be attended to as completely or accurately as normal Cannot volentarily direct attention to left field (vison, auditory etc) |
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Mental process |
The mental process of concentrating effort on a stimulus or mental event |
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Limited resourses |
The limited mental energy or resouse that powers the cognitive mind |
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Tonic |
Long lasting Changes gradually Eg sleep wake cycle |
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Phasic |
Sudden Transient change Ex. Involentary loud noise or voulentary warning signal, etc. |
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Attention requires what |
Arousal |
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Increase in arousal leads to |
Increase heart rate Increase breathing rate Enlarge pupils Change in cortical brain waves Reduction in attention span |
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Yerkes-dodson law 1908 |
Arousal and attention is shaped as a bell curve |
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Information processing model |
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Dichotic listening was demonstrated by |
Cherry 1953 |
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Dichotic listening and the unattended ear |
Pa could pick up on physical traits (male/female and loudness) Pa could not notice Meaning of unattended message Word presented 35 times Change of language Speech played backwards |
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Who invented the bottleneck model |
Broadbent 1958 |
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Broadbents filter model |
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Contradictions to filter theory |
Morays 1959 cocktail party effect |
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Broadbents filter theory |
States that there are limits on how much information a person can attend to at any given time If it exceeds capacity the person uses an attentional filter to let some information through and block the rest Filter protect us from information overload Perdicts that ALL unattended messages will be filtered out |
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Cocktail party effect |
Ps often detect their own name on unattended channel = not all unattended information is filtered out |
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What did Moray conclude |
Only important material can penetrate the filter set up to block unattended messages |
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Grey and wedderbum 1960 reported |
That if you hear simple words from the right ear and different simple words from the left ear at the same time you will report that you heard a mixture of the words that make meaningful sence |
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Treisman 1960 |
Stated that if one ear sets up the other ear you will report a mixture of words Based selection on part of the meaning = filter theory does not allow for |
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Unattended filter model |
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What did wood and cowan persent |
Backwards speech to unattended ear Looked at errors in shadowing attended Errors peaked when backwards speech playing- suggest some attention being given to unattended ear Attentional shift to the unattended message was unintended and completed without awareness- happens more with lower working memory span |
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Tresiman |
Attenuation theory Volume of unattended messages is just turned down Might be avalible just hard to recover Incoming messages are subject to: Physical properties Linguistic Semantic (meaning) Some words have a lower threshold even at low volumes Heard their names because recognizing their na.e required little mental effort The word must be primed |
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Write et al 1975 |
Conditioned words can show emotional response when entered into unattended ear Therefore, unattended info may be processed for meaning below conscious awareness |
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Late selection models |
All channels are processed for meaning Info that is high in sensory activation and pertinence is selected Selected info is what enters into consciousness |
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Spotlight approach |
Highlights resourses Highlight whatever kind of information people chose to focus on Has fuzzy boundries Can highlight more then one object depending on the size Depends on the amount of resourses you are using Covert focussing of attention to perpare for stimulus encoding |
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Posners conclusion |
Cost of dirwcting attention to the wrong plase is a 3 part process: Disengage Move attention Eengage |
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Capasity theory of attention |
Process inputs in parellel Limited capacity pool of resources to analyze inputs Can analyze all info if it does not exceed our capacity limit If it exceeds capacity we must allocate resourses and performance |
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Kahnemans capacity theory |
Individual deposits mental capacity to one or more of several different tasks Factors depond on the extent and type of mental resourses available Affected by overall level of arousal |
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Schema theory was developed by and when |
Neisser 1976 |
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What is schema theory |
Unattended info never enters cognitive processing Inattentional blindness - failure to percieve a stimulus or notice change in a stimulus - suggest info doesnt ever enter cognitive system |
