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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Learning |
Change in an organism’s behaviour or thought as a result of practice, study, or experience |
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Define Non-associative learning |
learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli; it is change resulting from experiences with a single sensory cue |
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Define Associative learning |
a change as a result of experience where two or more stimuli become linked |
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Name the three points of Non-associative learning |
Habituation, Sensitization, Dishabituation |
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What is habituation? |
Habituation - weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation |
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What is sensitization? |
a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli |
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What is dishabituation |
Dishabituation - a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation |
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What was Ivan Pavlov famous for? |
Digestion of the dog experiment. Dogs would salivate |
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What is classical conditioning? |
A form of learning in which the conditioned stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus |
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What are the five primary components of classical conditioning? |
Neutral stimulus (NS) (becomes CS) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR) |
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What is acquisition in the classical conditioning phases? |
The learning phase during where a conditioned response is established Ex. training the dog |
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What is extinction in the classical conditioning phases? |
the reduction and elimination of the conditioned response Ex. If you don't give the dog a reward, they slowly stop the response |
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What is spontaneous recovery in the classical conditioning phases? |
the reappearance of the behaviour after extinction and timeout |
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What are the Classic Conditioning Principles? |
Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination |
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Define Stimulus generalization |
when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response ex. got bit by a dog so you hate all dogs |
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Define Stimulus discrimination |
When we exhibit a conditioned response only to certain stimuli, not similar others ex. got bit by a pit bull, so you are afraid of pit bulls but not any other breed of dog |
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What is high order conditioning? |
Process where organisms develop classically conditioned responses to CSs associated with the original CS |
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High Order Conditioning becomes _________ the farther from the original CS |
weaker |
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What is operating conditioning? |
A type of learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its consequences ex. muscle movement |
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... |
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What is Thorndike's Law of Effect? |
If we’re rewarded for a response to a stimulus, we’re more like to repeat that response to the stimulus in the future |
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Learning involves an association between a ___________________ |
Stimulus and response |
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What are the two types of reinforcers? |
Primary reinforcers - a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore intrinsically rewarding Secondary reinforcers - a neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer. |
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Types of punishers? |
Primary punisher - a stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism ex. Slapping, electric shock, Secondary punisher - stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary punisher ex. Disapproval, criticism, bad grades |
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Define Shaping |
Gradually modifying behaviour through a series of successive approximations of the target behaviour |
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What are reinforcements? |
Reinforcements are outcomes that strengthen the probability of a response |
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Positive reinforcements? |
Positive reinforcement involves giving a stimulus |
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Negative reinforcement |
Negative reinforcement involves taking away a stimulus |
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Explain positive and negative punishment |
positive or negative doesn’t mean good or bad… it means additive or recessive. Ex. giving them a shock vs taking away food |
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What are disadvantages of using punishments? |
Tells what not to do Creates anxiety Encourages subversive behaviour May provide model for aggressive behaviour |
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Define Memory |
Memory is the process by which we observe, store, and recall information |
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Memories may be ___________ , ______________, or _________________ |
visual, auditory, or tactile |
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Memory processes may involve two systems: |
Conscious & Automatic |
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What are the three processes of memory? |
Encoding is getting information into memory Storage is keeping information in memory Retrieval is the reactivation or reconstruction of information from memory |
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What is maintenance rehersal? |
simply repeating the stimuli in the same form |
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What is elaborative rehearsal? |
Various ways; linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way |
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What are the three levels of processing? |
Shallow, Intermediate, and Deep |
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Explain shallow processing. |
Visual – basically structural encoding (capital letters, what color, etc…) |
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Explain Intermediate Processing. |
Phonemic Encoding (Sounds: rhyming, homonyms, etc…) |
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Explain Deep Processing. |
Semantic Encoding (meaning or symbolism) |
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Explain Visual Imagery |
When you imagine some image or event related to a term or concept to encode the information both phonemically (auditory) and visually. |
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What are the three type of verbal Mnemonics we covered in class? |
Verbal, Visual, SQ3R |
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Give an example of verbal mnemonics |
Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge |
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What is the link method? |
A visual mnemonic - Creating a link to remember ex. Your apples fall onto the cart and get squished and sqeeze out juice. (Reminds you to get apples and juice at the store) |
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What is the method of Loci? |
Place imagery You imagine that there are apples on my bed and juice in my drawer |
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Keyword Method |
Keyword method (language learning, reminder words) Ex. Jugo is the spanish word for Juice… you look at Jugo and connect it to a jug of juice |
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What does SQ3R stand for? |
Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review |
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Self - Reference Effect |
A tendency to encode information differently depending on the level on which the self is implicated in the information |
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Name the 3 stores that memory consists of. |
Sensory registers (SM) Short-term memory (STM) Long-term memory (LTM) |
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What are the two types of sensory registers? |
Iconic (visual) Echoic (auditory) |
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Study the Information Processing Model of Memory |
q |
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Each sense has __________ of sensory memory |
its own form |
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How long does sensory memory last? |
About one second |
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How long does short term memory last? |
fades after 20-30 seconds |
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What is the short-term memory item capacity? |
7 +/- 2 item capacity |
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How can we lose information in our short term memory? |
~ Distraction ~ Decay (fades over time) ~ Interference (Loss of information due to competition of new incoming information) |
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What is your working memory? |
Working memory is temporary storage and processing of information used to: ~ solve problems ~ respond to environmental demands ~ achieve goals |
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Why could long-term memory fail? |
Could fail due to storage (encoding) or retrieval errors |
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What are the two types of LTM? |
~Explicit/Declarative Memory ~Implicit |
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What is explicit memory divided into? |
Semantic – “generic” knowledge of facts Episodic – Memories of specific events |
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What is the multiple types of implicit memory? |
Procedural Priming Conditioning Habituation |
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Measuring memory using the 3Rs |
Recall - generating previously remembered information Recognition - selecting previously remembered information from an array of options Relearning - we reacquire something learned before much faster |
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What does the serial position curve show? |
You are more likely to remember words at the beginning and end of a list |
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What is the Primacy Effect? |
We tend to do better with the first items |
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What is the Recency Effect? |
We also do well with the last items |
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Why do the Primacy and Recency Effects take place? |
Primacy is stored in your shallow long term memory Recency is still stored in your short term memory |
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What is the von Restorff effect? |
You are more likely to remember stimuli that are odd or distinctive |
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What is over learning?
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If you practiced something more than what is usually necessary to memorize it |
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What is encoding specificity? |
More likely to remember something when the conditions at the time of encoding are also present at retrieval |
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What are the two types of encoding specificity? |
context-dependent learning and state-dependent learning |
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What is Context-Dependent Learning? |
Superior retrieval when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context (Place) Where you physically are. |
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What is State-Dependent Learning? |
Superior retrieval of memories when you are in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding |
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What are the 7 sins of memory? |
Memories are transient (fade with time) We do not remember what we do not pay attention to Our memories can be temporarily blocked We can misattribute the source of memory We are suggestible in our memories We can show memory distortion (bias) We often fail to forget the things we would like not to recall (persistence of memory) |
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Define Health Psychology. |
Is concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness |
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Biopsychosocial Model |
Physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychosocial, and socio-cultural factors |
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_____% of all deaths are preventable |
50% |
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Approximately _______ Canadians have at least one modifiable risk factor for chronic disease. |
4 of 5 |
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What are the modifiable Risks? |
~Smoking ~High Risk Alchohol Use ~Nutrition ~Physical Inactivity ~Obesity |
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What happens if you have prolonged exposure to stress? |
Suppress cellular immune functioning Produces hemodynamic changes Provoke irregular heart rhythms Produce neurochemical imbalances Can cause depression or mental health issue Atherosclerosis Destruction of neurons in the hippocampus |
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Atherosclerosis |
When your arteries get filled with plaque |
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What is stress? |
Stress is the constellation of cognitive, emotional, physiological, and behavioral reactions the organism experiences as it interacts with perceived threats and challenges |
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What are stressors? |
perceived threats and challenges |
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Acute Stress |
Threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint Ex. someone jumps out from behind you and scare you. But once it’s over the threat is gone. |
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Chronic Stress |
Threatening events that have a relatively long term and no readily apparent time limit Ex. a sick family member that you don’t have control over when they are going to die |
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What is Eustress? |
Positive stress. Ex. Dating a new person or getting a promotion at work. |
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Stress as a stimulus |
Any circumstance that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and that thereby tax one’s coping abilities |
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Stress as a process |
relationship between person and environment |
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What is appraisal? |
make a judgment about the relative significance of the event and evaluate as a threat or challenge Stress depends on what you notice, and how you choose to interpret it. It’s perception! |
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What is primary appraisal? |
person evaluates present and potential harm or loss from event |
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What are the three options of primary appraisal? |
~ Initial evaluation whether the stimulus is relevant or not ~ It is a challenge - pay attention but it’s not threatening ~ It’s threatening / stressful |
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What is secondary appraisal? |
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What is Reappraisal? |
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Define Problem-focused. |
if optimistic and think we can achieve our goals, tackle problems head on |
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Define Emotion-focused. |
place a positive spin on things we can’t control and engage in behaviours to reduce painful emotions Ex: After a breakup we tell ourselves we weren’t happy in a relationship |
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What is stress as a response? |
A state that impairs our ability to respond to internal and external demands "I’m so stressed right now” |
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Lazarus split stress into: |
Loss, Threat, Challenge |
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What are the four types of threats? |
Frustration Conflict Change Pressure |
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What is the approach-approach conflict? |
Making a choice between two positive choices (ex. Should I have cake or cookies?) Least Stressful |
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What is the Avoid-avoid conflict? |
Making a choice between two negative choices (ex. A house with rats or cockroaches) Most stressful |
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What is the approach-avoid conflict? |
One choice has pros and cons whereas the other you don’t gain or lose anything (ex. I got a promotion but I have to move across the country, or I could turn it down and stay where you are) |
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What is more likely if you score high on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? |
The higher the score, the higher the chance of illness |
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What is the Impact of Stress on Health and Performance? |
Stressors can produce detrimental physical and psychological changes: worry, inability to make decisions, anxiety, depression, etc. Physiological reactions to stress can include increased heart rate, headaches, and frequent illnesses |
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What does the Yerkes-Dodson curve show? |
There is an optimal zone of mid-level physiological arousal, neither under-stimulated or over-stimulated if there's no stress or too much stress, there is a low performance level |
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) stages of stress? |
Alarm stage Resistance – you adapt and find ways to cope with the stressor Exhaustion – in prolonged stressors, our resistance can break down (Can cause physical or psychological damage) |
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What are the two major pathways for the fight-or-flight response? |
Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary system (SAM) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocorticol system (HPA) |
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Fight-or-Flight Response Primary command center stress response is in the ____________________; |
hypothalamus |
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Fight-or-Flight Response a primary target organ is the ____________ |
adrenal gland |
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What does the hypothalamus activate during fight or flight? |
Hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) |
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When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, what does the adrenal medulla secrete? |
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
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What are Catecholimines? |
Hormones that make your heart race, accelerate your breathing, and slow down your digestive track ex. Epinephrine also known as adrenaline |
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Study this: SAM AND HPA |
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What do coritcosteroids do? |
Hormones like cortisol that: ~ reduce inflammation (in case of injury) ~ increase your energy ~ help body return to normal state after acute stressors |
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What does Noradrenaline do? |
Releases the sugar molecules and energy |
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What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis |
HPA axis activation can temporarily inhibit pain so a person can escape danger Release of cortisol readies stress responses |