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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the shaping process is especially useful in the areas of
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education and child rearing
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Skinner
primary reinforcers |
are directly related to survival
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Skinner
After learning to respond to a specific situation in a certain way, there is also a tendency to respond to similar situations in that same way. This is called |
stimulous generalization
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Skinner
After learning to respond to a specific situation in a certain way, there is also a tendency to respond to similar situations in that same way. This is called |
tact
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Skinner
With this type of reinforcement schedule, the organism is reinforced for a response made at the end of variable time intervals |
variable interval
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Skinner
When a certain response must be made in order to make a reinforcer available, the arrangement is called |
contingent reinforcement
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Skinner
What is necessary in order to modify behavior |
behavior and reinforcer
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Skinner
Skinner explained the themes that occurred in his life in terms of |
environmental events
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Skinner
The most important characteristic of operant behavior is that |
it is under the control of its consequences
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Skinner
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer: a medal money praise none of the above |
none of the above
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Skinner
The most important "Pass the potatoes" is an example of a verbal response called a |
mand
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Skinner
This reinforcement schedule controls the behavior of gamblers and produces the highest rate of responding |
variable ratio
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Skinner
When a certain response must be made in order to make a reinforcer available, the arrangement is called |
contingent reinforcement
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Skinner
With the procedure called __________ a child is denied access to positive reinforcers for a certain period of time |
time out from reinforcement
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Skinner
Alex has decided to enter into an agreement with another person. Alex will pay that person $100 with the understanding that he (Alex) will get his money back, in $10 installments, as he loses a specified amount of weight each week. This is an example of |
a contingency contract
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Skinner
__________ founded the school of behaviorism |
J.B. Watson
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Skinner
The the behaviorist, learning principles are |
the same for all living organisms
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Skinner
Repeating something verbatim is termed |
echoic behavior
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Skinner
What are considered positive contributions made by Skinner's theory |
it has widespread applied value
it provides a scientifically rigorous explanation of human behavior it synthesizes and explains large amounts of information |
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Dollard & Miller
Hull called the association between a stimulus and a response a |
habit
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Dollard & Miller
According to Dollard and Miller, if parents totally inhibit a child's aggressiveness, the child |
will not be able to compete successfully in modern society
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Dollard & Miller
A __________ is a stimulus that indicates the appropriate direction that an activity should take |
cue
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Dollard & Miller
Generalization is the opposite of |
discrimination
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Dollard & Miller
What is true about a conditioned fear response |
it is typically much more difficult to extinguish than other types of responses
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Dollard & Miller
The condition that exists when a goal-response suffers interference is |
frusteration
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Dollard & Miller
When cue-producing responses are directed at the solution of a future problem the process is called |
planning
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Dollard & Miller
__________ is the learned response of not thinking thoughts that are unpleasant |
repression
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Dollard & Miller
What is considered a contribution made by Dollard and Miller's theory |
it has clarified what factors contribute to successful psychotherapy
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Dollard & Miller
Which of the following is a secondary drive: the need to be attractive hunger sex thirst |
the need to be attractive
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Dollard & Miller
Dollard and Miller attempted to synthesize the theories of |
Hull and Freud
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Dollard & Miller
According to Dollard and Miller, if toilet training is not handled properly by the parents, the child may develop feelings of |
sinfullness
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Dollard & Miller
Typically, the __________ conflict is the easiest one to resolve |
approach-approach
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Dollard & Miller
The __________ explains why if two or more routes to a goal are available, the shorter route tends to be preferred |
gradient of reinforcement
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Dollard & Miller
Which of the following is a secondary drive: hunger thirst sex fear |
fear
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Dollard & Miller
If an organism cannot respond to a desired stimulus, and if no conflict is involved, it will respond to a stimulus which is |
similar to the desired stimulus
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Dollard & Miller
If S1 tends to elicit R1, stimuli similar to S1 will also tend to elicit R1. This is referred to as |
stimulus generalization
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Dollard & Miller
Miller found that an animal could learn to fear something that was not previously feared. He called this learned fear a(n) |
conditioned fear reaction
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Dollard & Miller
If a need cannot be satisfied directly it may be satisfied indirectly. This exemplifies |
displacement
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Dollard & Miller
Pavlov called the conditioned responses that we develop to symbols, such as when we hear words like "fire" or "enemy |
the second signal system
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Dollard & Miller
A major assumption that Dollard and Miller make about neurosis is that |
it can be unlearned
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Dollard & Miller
Dollard and Miller have been criticized for |
being simplistic in their analysis of human behavior
generalizing principles from the nonhuman to the human level failing to adequately synthesize Freudian and Hullian theory |
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Dollard & Miller
For Dollard and Miller, reinforcement is equated with |
drive reduction
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Dollard & Miller
According to Dollard and Miller, there are probably more taboos in our culture related to __________ than there are for any other type of activity: |
sex
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Dollard & Miller
What is true about an approach-avoidance conflict |
the strength of the approach tendency increases as the goal is approached
the strength of the avoidance tendency increases as the goal is approached the avoidance tendency is stronger nearer the goal than the approach tendency |
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Dollard & Miller
Which of the following statements best describes the learning dilemma |
no failure, no learning
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Dollard & Miller
The frustration-aggression hypothesis states that |
frustration leads to aggression
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Dollard & Miller
Dollard and Miller call images, perceptions, and words |
cue-producing responses
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Dollard & Miller
A conscious and deliberate effort to stop an anxiety-provoking thought is called |
supression
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Dollard & Miller
According to Dollard and Miller, a stimulus capable of reducing a drive is the _________ and the actual drive reduction is the __________ |
reinforcer . . . reinforcement
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Dollard & Miller
The __________ of a stimulus determines its drive properties, whereas its __________ determines its cue properties |
strength . . . distinctiveness
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Dollard & Miller
The statement, All learning depends on failure, describes the |
learning dilemma
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Bandura & Mischel
Social cognitive theory has been criticized for: |
not being a unified theory
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Bandura & Mischel
The statement, "I wonder if I am capable of doing what I think needs to be done," exemplifies |
perceived self-efficacy
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Bandura & Mischel
Mischel and his colleagues consistently found that the ability to delay gratification was related to the ability to |
distract one's attention away from rewards
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Bandura & Mischel
According to Bandura, what is true concerning chance encounters |
they are fortuitous
they can have a major impact on one's life they exemplify another way that the environment can influence behavior |
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Bandura & Mischel
What, according to Mischel, is at the heart of most antisocial and criminal behavior |
the inability to delay gratification
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Bandura & Mischel
Mischel believes that a high degree of behavioral consistency |
may by maladaptive
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Bandura & Mischel
Mischel believes that the concept of self-control should be defined as |
the ability to tolerate a delay in gratification
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Bandura & Mischel
Which of the following is not emphasized by social cognitive theory: cognitive factors extrinsic reinforcement self-regulation of behavior intrinsic reinforcement |
extrinsic reinforcement
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Bandura & Mischel
What is thought to be a contribution of social cognitive theory |
its emphasis on research that employs human subjects
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Bandura & Mischel
Within social cognitive theory, reinforcement (either direct or vicarious) is thought to provide |
information concerning what behavior will be effective in a given situation
incentive for translating learning into performance |
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Bandura & Mischel
Bandura, Adams, and Beyer (1977) found that the most accurate predictor of a person's behavior is |
a person's perceived self-efficacy
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Bandura & Mischel
The ability to delay gratification increased with |
age
intelligence shorter intervals of delay |
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Bandura & Mischel
Dysfunctional expectancies are difficult to disconfirm because |
the defensive behaviors based on them prevent the individual from having the experiences that will disconfirm them
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Bandura & Mischel
According to Bandura, fortuitous experiences |
provide another reason for the unpredictability of human behavior
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Bandura & Mischel
A theorist who believes that both person and situation variables influence what a person does at any moment is a(n) |
interactionist
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Bandura & Mischel
Bandura is a |
soft determinist
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Bandura & Mischel
What does social cognitive theory emphasize |
self-regulation of behavior
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Bandura & Mischel
Social cognitive theory has been criticized for: |
not predicting behavior any better than the theories that it criticizes
being too critical of psychoanalytic theory employing mentalistic concepts in explaining behavior |
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Bandura & Mischel
Within social cognitive theory, reinforcement, either direct or vicarious, is thought to provide |
information necessary for the development of effective behavior-outcome expectancies
an incentive for action something of value to the person under existing circumstances |
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Bandura & Mischel
When individuals who opt for delayed gratification are shown models who choose immediate gratification, the individuals who originally opted for delayed gratification will tend to |
choose immediate gratification
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Bandura & Mischel
According to social cognitive theory, the best way to remedy dysfunctional expectancies is to provide |
powerful disconfirming experiences
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Bandura & Mischel
According to Mischel, which of the following theorists overemphasized situation variables |
Skinner
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Bandura & Mischel
Mischel's major criticism of traditional personality theories is that they emphasize __________ and deemphasize __________. |
person variables . . . situation variables
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Bandura & Mischel
The statement, If I see X, I can expect to see Y, exemplifies a |
stimulus-outcome expectancy
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Bandura & Mischel
According to the authors of your text, social cognitive theory is popular today because it |
focuses its research on humans
recognizes the importance of language and symbols is optimistic about the ability of humans to change throughout their lives |
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Bandura & Mischel
In Bandura's 1965 study utilizing a BoBo doll, it was found that children who saw a model being punished for aggression, later showed very little aggressive behavior. This exemplifies the influence of |
vicarious punishment
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Bandura & Mischel
According to social cognitive theory, most human behavior is |
self-regulated
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Bandura & Mischel
What Mischel and his colleagues find enhanced children's ability to delay gratification |
placing rewards out of sight during the delay period
employing self-distraction strategies thinking of desirable rewards in undesirable ways |
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Bandura & Mischel
Which of the following best describes Bandura's position on the mind-body relationship |
he believes that the mind influences the body, and the body influences the mind
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Buss
Evolutionary psychologists claim that there are certain universals, including behaviors such as |
facial expressions
reciprocity in relationships fear of snakes |
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Buss
Darwin defined fitness in terms of |
the number of offspring
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Buss
Women tend to prefer |
men who have attained positions of status
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Buss
Singh has found that across cultures, there appears to be an ideal |
waist-to-hip ration for women
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Buss
When a person uses a particular strategy to achieve a goal and another person prevents the successful enactment of that strategy, this is called |
strategic interference
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Buss
Buss argues that the blind irrationality of love leads to |
commitment
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Buss
Helping behavior that is extended to those to whom we are genetically related is called |
kin selection
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Buss
Wilson and Daly found that homicides are committed more often by individuals who are |
young adults
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Buss
Phobias involve |
avoidance of the feared situation
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Buss
Buss claims that evolutionary psychology links psychology with |
the life sciences
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