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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acetylcholine |
Located mainly in basal forebrain and brainstem Promotes wakefulness and REM sleep Also participates in learning, memory, and cognition. |
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Activation-synthesis hypothesis and dreams |
Dreams represent the brain’s effort to make sense of spare and distorted information. Modern day alternative to Freud's explanation of dreams |
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Adenosine |
By product of ATP breakdown Reduces activity of wake-promoting neurons Promotes REM sleep |
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AMPA receptor |
Part of Long term potentiantion Gultamate binds here and allows sodium into the post synapse. |
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Anterograde amnesia |
A affliction where you can no longer form or store long term memories |
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Aplysia |
A slug used in the habituation example. The Aplysia is squirted and its gills retracts. After being squirted a lot its gills stop retracting so intensely. |
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Arousal |
Ascending axons regulate arousal through the release of glutamate Histamine / Norepinephrine |
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Associative learning |
A type of non declarative learning Two types: Classical and Operant/Instrumental |
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Basal forebrain |
Where acetylcholine is produced |
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Basal ganglia |
Associated with skill learning |
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Beta Waves |
EEG waves that represent wakefulness. |
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Biological rhythms |
Bodily processes that show regular fluctuations (Ex. Sleep, Menstrual cycle) |
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Body Temperature |
A circadian rhythm / biological rhythm |
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Calcium (Ca++) |
Involved in Long term potentiation Allowed in through NMDA receptors Once in the cell: 1. Signals CaMKII to cause an increase of AMPA receptors 2. Signals PKC, and TK to signal CREB to retrograde signal to increase glutamate release |
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CaMKII |
Cause an increase of AMPA receptors |
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Cataplexy |
Lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness while the person remains awake A symptom of narcolepsy |
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Circadian rhythm |
A 24 hour biological rhythm (Ex. Sleep) |
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Classical conditioning |
A type of Associative learning Stimuli -Association> Stimuli Located in the cerebellum |
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Conditioned response |
The learned response after repeated pairing to the condition stimulus |
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Conditioned stimulus |
The second type of stimulus it requires training before yielding a response |
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Consolidation |
When memories are turned from short term into long term |
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Cortisol |
Is on a circadian rhythm |
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CREB |
Gives a retrograde signal to the pre synapse to release more glutamate. |
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Cytokines |
A type of Somnogen, which are REM promoting systems. Intercellular signaling peptides released by immune cells, neurons, and astrocytes |
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Declarative memory |
Long term memories that are mostly factual, Memories that we deliberately recall and are aware |
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Delayed matching-to-sample |
A subject sees an object and must later choose the object that matches in order to get reward. |
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Delayed non-matching-to-sample |
A subject sees an object and must later choose the object that is different than the sample. |
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Delta waves |
Are apparent during stage 3 sleep, more towards late stage 3 |
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Depression |
Can occur if you have sleep apnea |
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Dopamine |
Has wake-promoting effects, |
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Dorsomedial thalamus |
N.A had damage here that caused his amnesia A brain circuit that includes the hippocampus, the mammillary bodies, and the dorsomedial thalamus is needed to form new declarative memories (but not a cite for storage) |
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Dreams |
Occur in NREM and REM sleep Vivid well organized dreams during REM sleep |
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Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
Measures electrical activity recorded from electrodes attached to a person’s scalp Measures gross electrical activity of the neocortex or “Brainwaves”. |
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Electromyogram (EMG) |
Records physiological activity of muscles. |
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Electrooculogram (EOG) |
Records eye movements |
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Encoding |
Sensory information (Iconic memory) is encoded into short-term memory |
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Free-running rhythm |
A rhythm that occurs when no stimuli reset or alter the rhythm. |
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Frontalparietal cortex |
Patient K.C had damage here, could not retrieve personal memory |
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GABA |
REM sleep promoting system GABA cells in the sublaterodorsal nucleus are also important for REM as they are very active during this stage. Drugs that treat insomnia work by enhancing GABA |
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Glutamate |
The NT involved in long term potentiation Tetanus causes glutamate to release, binds to AMPA which allows sodium in |
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H.M. |
Suffered from extreme seizures, They removed his hippocampus, Post surgery suffered from severe anterograde amnesia and mild retrograde amnesia, Short-term memory intact |
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Hebbian synapse |
Brain training
Cells that fire together wire together. |
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Hippocampus |
Important for declarative memories Damaged or completely destroyed in patients: HM KC and Clive Damage causes anterograde amnesia |
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Histamine |
Brain mechanism for wakefulness/arousal Neurons originate from mammillary gland Histamine levels are high during arousal and alertness and silent during sleep |
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Hypnagogic hallucinations |
Dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality. |
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Iconic memory |
The briefest memories and store sensory impressions |
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K.C. |
Cannot retrieve personal memory (autobiographical memory) due to damage to the left frontaloparietal and right parieto-occipital cortex Also had damage to hippocampus (anterograde amnesia) |
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K-complex waves |
Sharp negative EEG potentials Appear in sleep stage 2 |
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Lateral hypothalamus |
Produces Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and Orexin |
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Locus coeruleus |
Orexin/MCH are projected here to excite/inhibit norepinephrine production |
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Long-term habituation |
Occurs after multiple days of stimulation Results from fewer synapses |
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Long-term memory |
Last for days to years could be a lifetime HM could not create this |
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Long-term potentiation (LTP) |
Tetanus applied to presynaptic neuron -> Releases Glutamate -> Glutamate binds to AMPA -> AMPA allows Na+ to pass ->Mg++ is released thorough NMDA -> Ca++ comes in through NMDA -> Signals CaMKII to increase AMPA receptors and Signals PKC/TK to signal CREB to give a retrograde signal to release more glutamate |
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Magnesium (Mg++) |
Involved in Long-term potentiation (LTP) Leaves post synaptic cell through NMDA receptors after sodium comes in |
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Mammillary bodies |
Orexin/MCH project here to excite/inhibit the production of Histamine |
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Median preoptic area |
Neurons fire here to induce NREM sleep (induce) |
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Melanin-concentrating hormone |
Inhibits the production of histamine and norepinephrine Fire at a high rate during REM sleep |
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Morris water maze |
A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform just underneath the surface. |
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N.A. |
Has amnesia due to accidental damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and mammillary bodies Anterograde amnesia |
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Narcolepsy |
A condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day Affects about 1 in 1000 people Appears to be a problem with Orexin neurotransmission/Low orexin levels |
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Negative reinforcement |
Removal of an event or activity that increases the frequency of the behavior. |
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Neuronal loss |
A byproduct of sleep apnea Maybe a result from a loss of oxygen |
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Neuroplasticity |
The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or environment 1. Increase NT release 2. Decrease NT deactivation 3. Increase Receptors 4. From other neuron influences |
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NMDA receptor |
Involved in long term potentiation Allows Mg++ to leave and Ca++ to enter the post synaptic cell |
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Nondeclarative memory |
Three types- Skill learning, Priming, Associative Learning Enables us to carry out commonly learned tasks without consciously thinking about them |
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Non-REM sleep (Slow Wave Sleep) |
4 Stages: Stage 1- Vertex spikes, smaller amplitude Stage 2- Sleep spindles and K complexes Stage 3 Early- Delta waves once per second Stage 3 Late- Delta waves are present half the time |
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Norepinephrine |
Brain mechanism for wakefulness/arousal Cell bodies located in locus coeruleus, Stimulate arousal, especially during periods that require high attention or activation of sympathetic nervous system. |
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Orexin |
Brain mechanism for wakefulness/arousal Synthesized in the lateral and posterior hypothalamus,Promotes wakefulness and suppresses NREM and REM sleep, Keeps you awake rather then wakes you up Lack of orexin can cause narcolepsy |
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Paradoxical sleep |
Occurs during REM sleep Because your muscles are relaxed but your brain is very active |
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Parieto-occipital cortex |
Patient KC cannot retrieve personal memory (episodic memory) due to damage here |
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PKC |
Involved in long term potentiation Signals CERM to give a retrograde signal to release more glutamate |
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Positive reinforcement |
introduction of an event or activity that increases the frequency of the behavior. |
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Priming |
A type of non declarative memory A change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to the stimulus |
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Procedural memory |
aka nondeclarative memory |
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Punishment |
Events or activities that decrease the frequency of the behavior that precedes them |
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Radial arm maze |
A subject must navigate a maze that has eight or more arms with a reward at the end. |
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Raphe nuclei |
Serotonin cell bodies are located here |
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Reconsolidation |
The return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage, after recall |
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REM sleep |
Follows SWS sleep Active EEG with small-amplitude, high frequency waves, like an awake person Muscles are relaxed |
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Retrieval |
Stored information (long term memories) are retrieved |
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Retrograde amensia |
H.M had a hard time recalling events before his surgery |
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Second messenger |
Ca++ is the second messenger in LTP |
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Serotonin |
Brain mechanism for wakefulness/arousal Suppresses REM sleep, promotes wakefulness |
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Short-term habituation |
Caused by synaptic changes between the sensory cell in the siphon and the motor neuron that retracts the gill Less transmitter released by sensory neuron |
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Short-term memory |
Usually last only for seconds Events or things that just occured, Once lost, they’re lost forever, Limited capability |
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Skill learning |
A type of nondeclarative memory Learning to perform a challenging task through repetition (Ex. Riding a bike) |
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Sleep and memory |
Acetylcholine,Monomines,GABA,Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH),Somnogens (Adenosine,Cytokines) |
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Sleep apnea |
A type of insomnia in which individuals have an impaired abilityy to breathe while sleeping either due to obstructions of respiratory passages by muscles spasms or lack of muscle tone or by the CNS failing to initiate breathe |
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Sleep attacks |
A symptom of narcolepsy |
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Sleep deprivation |
A symptom of sleep apnea or narcolepsy |
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Sleep paralysis |
Symptom of narcolepsy An inability to move while falling asleep or waking up (more than usual) |
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Sleep spindles |
Occur in stage 2 and early stage 3 sleep |
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Sleep/awake cycle |
A circadian rhythm, would naturally follow about a 25 hour cycle without any external time cues |
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Stage 1 sleep |
Shows events of irregular frequency and smaller amplitude, as well as vertex spikes, or sharp waves Heart rate slows, muscle tension reduces, eyes move about Lasts several minutes |
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Stage 2 sleep |
Defined by waves of 12 to 14 Hz that occur in bursts, called sleep spindles K-complexes appear—sharp negative EEG potentials |
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Stage 3 sleep |
Early:Continued sleep spindles as in stage 2 Defined by the appearance of large-amplitude, very slow waves called delta waves Delta waves occur about once per second Late:Delta waves are present about half the time |
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Sunlight |
Resets circadian rhythms for land mammals A type of Zeitgeberg |
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) |
Region of the brain that serves as the biological clock, that maintains circadian rhythms to about a 24 hr period. |
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Synaptic plasticity (examples) |
Ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or environment 1. Increased neurotransmitter release 2. Inactivation of the transmitter is decreased 3. A greater effect due to changes in receptors 4. Influence by other neurons |
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Tidal waves |
Dominant zeitgeberg in sea animals |
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Unconditioned response |
The response to the unconditioned stimulus, No training is required to yield this response |
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Unconditioned stimulus |
The first type of stimulus, no training is required to yield a response |
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Ventrolateral preoptic area |
Neurons in this area fire during NREM sleep to keep you asleep |
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Vertex spikes |
Are shown in stage one of sleep (sharp waves of EEG) |
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Wakefulness |
Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine,Serotonin,Dopamine,Histamine,Orexin or hypocretin |
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Working memory |
Memory that can be retained for longer than seconds, but is only stored for a specific amount of time |
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Zeitgeber |
A stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm. (Ex. Sunlight for land organisms, Tidal waves for sea organisms) |