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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Archival research
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The use of existing sources of information for research. Sources include statistical records, survey archives, and written records.
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Experimenter bias
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Any intentional/ unintentional influence on subjects by the experimenter to induce a result
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Coding system
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A set of rules used to categorize observations.
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Content analysis
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Systematic analysis of recorded communications.
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Contrived observation
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"Set up" observation
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Positive bias
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Tends to exist rather than explicitly seeking out those occurrences that are NOT predicted by the working hypothesis
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Narrative records
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Full descriptions of a participant's behavior
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Negative case analysis
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In field observation, an examination of observations that do not fit with the explanatory structure devised by the researcher.
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Psychobiography
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A type of case study in which the life of an individual is analyzed using psychological theory.
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Reactivity
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A problem of measurement in which the measure changes the behavior being observed.
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Reliability
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The degree to which a measure is consistent.
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Systemic observation
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Observations of one or more specific variables, usually made in a precisely defined setting.
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External validity
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The degree to which the results of an experiment may be generalized.
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Subjectivity
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Being open minded in observation
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Confidence interval
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An interval of values within which there is a given level of confidence (e.g., 95%) where the population value lies.
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Graphic rating scale
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(______________________)
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Non-verbal rating scale
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:-) :-| :-(
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Likert rating scale
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Strongly Agree -- Strongly Disagree
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Guttman rating scale
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Cumulative items presuppose prior are true
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Interviewer bias
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Intentional or unintentional influence exerted by an interviewer in such a way that the actual or interpreted behavior of respondents is consistent with the interviewer's expectations.
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Response rate
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The percentage of people selected for a sample who actually completed a survey.
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Response set
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A pattern of response to questions on a self-report measure that is not related to the content of the questions.
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Cluster sampling
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A probability sampling method in which existing groups or geographic areas, called clusters, are identified. Clusters are randomly sampled and then everyone in the selected clusters participates in the study.
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Nonprobability sampling
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Type of sampling procedure in which one cannot specify the probability that any member of the population will be included in the sample.
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Probability sampling
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Type of sampling procedure in which one is able to specify the probability that any member of the population will be included in the sample.
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Purposive sampling
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A type of haphazard sample conducted to obtain predetermined types of individuals for the sample.
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Quota sampling
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A sampling procedure in which the sample is chosen to reflect the numerical composition of various subgroups in the population. A haphazard sampling technique is used to obtain the sample.
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Simple random sampling
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A sampling procedure in which each member of the population has an equal probability of being included in the sample.
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Stratified random sampling
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A probability sampling method in which a population is divided into subpopulation groups called strata; individuals are then randomly sampled from each of the strata.
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Sampling frame
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The individuals or clusters of individuals in a population who might actually be selected for inclusion in the sample.
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Confound
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A variable that is not controlled in a research investigation.
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Counterbalancing
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A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measures design by either including all orders of treatment presentation or randomly determining the order for each subject.
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Internal validity
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The certainty with which results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some other, confounding variable.
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Independent groups
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An experiment in which different subjects are assigned to each group. Also called between-subjects design.
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Repeated measures
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An experiment in which the same subjects are assigned to each group. Also called within-subjects design.
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Matched pairs design
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A method of assigning subjects to groups in which pairs of subjects are first matched on some characteristic and then individually assigned randomly to groups.
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Mortality (Attrition)
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The loss of subjects who decide to leave an experiment.
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Posttest Only Design
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A true experimental design in which the dependent variable (posttest) is measured only once, after manipulation of the independent variable.
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Pretest -posttest
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A true experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured both before (pretest) and after (posttest) manipulation of the independent variable.
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Solomon 4 group design
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Experimental design in which the experimental and control groups are studied with and without a pretest.
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Carryover effect
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A problem that may occur in repeated measures designs if the effects of one treatment are still present when the next treatment is given.
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Contrast effect
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Orange juice and toothpaste; effects of one experiment influence another
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Ceiling effect
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Failure of a measure to detect a difference because it was too easy
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Floor effect
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Failure of a measure to detect a difference because it was too difficult
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Confederate
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A person posing as a participant in an experiment who is actually part of the experiment.
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Demand characteristics
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Cues that inform the subject how he or she is expected to behave.
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Double blind
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A procedure wherein both the experimenter and the participant are unaware of whether the participant is in the experimental (treatment) or the control condition.
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Electroencephalogram
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A measure of the electrical activity of the brain.
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Functional MRI
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Magnetic resonance imaging uses a magnet to obtain scans of structures of the brain.
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Galvanic skin response
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The electrical conductance of the skin, which changes when sweating occurs.
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Expectancy / Experimenter bias
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Any intentional or unintentional influence that the experimenter exerts on subjects to confirm the hypothesis under investigation.
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Filler items
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Items included in a questionnaire measure to help disguise the true purpose of the measure.
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Manipulation check
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A measure used to determine whether the manipulation of the independent variable has had its intended effect on a subject.
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Pilot study
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A small-scale study conducted prior to conducting an actual experiment; designed to test and refine procedures.
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Placebo control
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In drug research, a group given an inert substance to assess the psychological effect of receiving a treatment.
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Sensitivity
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The ability of a measure to detect differences between groups.
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Factor levels
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Multiple levels of the IV can be used to determine the shape of the relationship between the IV and the DV
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Participant variable
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A characteristic of the research participant such as gender, age, personality, or ability.
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IV x DV design
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A factorial design that includes both an experimental independent variable (IV) and a nonexperimental participant variable (PV).
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Factorial design
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A design in which all levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variables. A factorial design allows investigation of the separate main effects and interactions of two or more independent variables.
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Main effect
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The direct effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable.
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Interaction
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Situation in which the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable changes, depending on the level of another independent variable.
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Simple main effect
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In a factorial design, the effect of one independent variable at a particular level of another independent variable.
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Within subject design
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An experiment in which the same subjects are assigned to each group. Also called repeated measures design.
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Between subject design
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An experiment in which different subjects are assigned to each group. Also called independent groups design.
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Mixed design
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A design that includes both independent groups (between-subjects) and repeated measures (within-subjects) variables.
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Moderator variables
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A variable that influences the nature of the relationship between two other variables (an independent variable and a dependent variable). In a factorial design, the effect of the moderator variable is revealed as an interaction.
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Qualitative research
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Focuses on the qualities of the interaction; tends to involve natural settings
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Quantitative research
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Focuses on measured quantities; measurement of behaviors
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High frequency scale
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Best ever, top 1%, top 5%, top 10%...
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