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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The ability to detect a change in the stimulus ; is inversely related to threshold level.
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Sensitivity
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Interpretation of sensations, involving meaning and organization.
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Perception
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Acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of knowledge
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Cognition
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Epistemology
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Branch of philosophy
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____ is the approach to psychology that stresses the objective description of an organism's behavior.
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Behaviorism
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Empiricism
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Approach to perception that states that basic sensory experiences are combined, through learning, to produce perception
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A theory that stresses the importance of natural, innate abilities
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Nativism
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Approach to perception that emphasizes that we perceive objects as well organized, whole structures rather than as separated, isolated parts.
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Gestalt Approach
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A group of theorists who sought to explain perception by a focus on individual elements.
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Structuralists
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____ perception are approaches that assume that the information received by the senses is insuffcient by itself to arrive at an accurate description of the world.
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Indirect
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____ perception is an approach to perception that suggests that the stimuli themselves contain all the necessary information for perception to occur -- learning and cognition are not needed
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Direct
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Gibsonian Approach
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Approach to perception that emphasizes that perceptions are rich and elaborate because the stimuli in the environment are rich with information rather than because thought processes provide that richness.
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Information-processing approach
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The approach that identifies psychological processes and connects them by specific patterns of information flow.
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Computational Approach
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Approach that emphasizes the importance of the observer's concepts and cognitive processes in shaping perception
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Bottom-up processing
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Approach that emphasizes how the sensory receptors register the stimuli, with information flowing from this low level upward to the higher (more cognitive) levels.
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Approach that emphasizes how sensory receptors register stimuli, with information flowing from this low level upward to the higher, more cognitive levels.
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Data-driven processing
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Top-down processing
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Approach that emphasizes the importance of the observers' concepts and cognitive processes in shaping perception
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Conceptually-driven processing
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Approach that emphasizes the importance of the observers' concepts and cognitive processes in shaping perception
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Study of the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological reaction to those stimuli
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Psychophysics
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In acuity measures, a task that requires the observer to judge whether a target is present or absent
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Detection
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Absolute Threshold
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The smallest intensity required for a stimulus to be reported 50% of the time
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Psychophysical technique in which the researcher begins with a stimulus that is clearly noticeable and then presents increasingly weaker stimuli until the observers are unable to detect the stimulus; these trials alternate with trials in which increasingly stronger stimuli are presented.
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Method of limits
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Series of trials in the method of limits in which the stimulus is systematically decreased.
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Descending series
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Series of trials in the method of limits in which the stimulus is systematically increased.
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Ascending series
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Errors of Habituation
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Errors in psychophysics testing in which observers keep giving the same answer as on the last trial
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Errors of Anticipation
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Errors in psychophysics testing in which observer's provide a different answer from the one they provided on the last trial; they "jump the gun"
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Psychophysical technique in which observers adjust the intensity of the stimulus until it is just barely detectable
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Method of Adjustment
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Method of constant stimuli
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Psychophysical technique in which the stimuli are presented in random order.
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____ is the ability to detect a change in the stimulus ; is inversely related to threshold level
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Sensitivity
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Signal Detection Theory (SDT)
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Psychophysical approach that assesses both the observer's sensitivity and his or her decision-making strategy (or criterion)
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Signal
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Stimulus used in psychophysics studies, most often in SDT
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The measure in SDT that assesses the observer's willingness to say: "I detect the stimulus"
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Criterion
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The impact of the physical stimulus on the observer is labeled _______ experience: the person's perceptual experience and the brain-cell activity produced by the stimulus (largely unseen to the outside world)
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Subjective experience
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You begin with a stimulus that is clearly below threshold and then present increasingly stronger stimuli until the observer reports, "Yes, I can detect it." This is an example of _____ series.
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Descending
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You begin with a stimulus that is clearly below threshold and then present increasingly stronger stimuli until the observer reports, "Yes, I can detect it." This is an example of _____ series.
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Ascending
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How can we correct errors of habituation and anticipation?
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A person who makes errors of habituation is just as likely to make them on ascending series as on descending series, the errors will cancel each other out. If the two are averaged, we should end up with an accurate threshold.
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The observer makes adjustments that are continuous like adjusting a door knob, or tasting separate solutions containing different amounts of a substance. This is an example of the method of _____.
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Method of adjustments
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The method of ______ provides the most reliable data, and it is relatively free of biases.
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Method of constant stimuli
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The ____ the threshold, the _____ the sensitivity.
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Lower ; higher
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Using _____, researchers can separate sensitivity from criterion by examining the observer's responses to trials containing signal, and trials containing noise
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SDT
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You've been interviewed for an important job, and should be expecting a phone from 3:00-5:00.. You're more likely to respond to this call because you've shifted your ____.
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Criterion
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The rewards and punishments associated with a particular response.
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Payoff
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Suppose we say that we will pay you 50c every time you correctly report seeing a light (hit) and that you will pay us 10c every time you incorrectly report seeing a light (false positive) --- this is an example of a ____.
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Payoff
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The data from signal detection experiments are often depicted in a _____ curve, which shows the relationship between the probability of a hit and the probability of a false alarm.
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ROC curve
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Two-alternative forced choice procedure (2AFC)
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A trial consists of two presentations- one that contains the target stimulus and one that does not.
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The observer's task is to indicate which of the 2 presentations is the target. Because one of the two presentations really does contain the target, the effects of expectations and criteria are minimized. This is an example of:
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Two alternative forced choice procedure. (2AFC)
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In the ____ methods, the transition between non-detection and detection is gradual rather than abrupt.
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classical psychophysics methods
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A researcher is presenting systematically increasing or decreasing amounts of a stimulus. This is an example of:
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The method of limits.
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In the method of ____, a threshold is provide more rapidy, however, errors are more likely than with the other two methods.
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Method of adjustment.
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In the method of _____, the research presents near-threshold stimuli in random order. It provides a highly accurate threshold, however, is it time consuming and requires that the research already have a good idea of where the threshold lies.
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Method of constant stimuli
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___ theory disputes the very notion of a threshold.
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Signal Detection Theory (SDT)
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The outcome of a signal detection trial can be a hit, a correct rejection, a false alarm, or a miss. The probability of each of these four outcomes depends on:
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The sensitivity measure, d', and the observer's criterion.
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What does research suggest about eye-witness identification?
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Eye-witness identification is not particularly accurate, but it is worse under some condition (e.g, identifying suspects whose race differs from that of the eye-witness).
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The two-alternative forced choice procedure (2AFC) is often used because it minimizes the influence of the observer's
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Criterion
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_____ studies examine how much to change a stimulus in order for it to be perceived as just noticeably different (JND)
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Discrimination studies
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_____ studies ask people to compare a standard stimulus with a comparison stimulus. These studies typically calculate the just noticeable difference (JND)
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Discrimination studies.
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______ found that observers require larger changes in the stimulus to notice a difference when they are discriminating between intense, rather than weak, stimuli
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Ernst Weber
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_______ proposed that, as stimulus intensity increases, the magnitude of the psychological response increases, but not as dramatically. His law states that the magnitude of psychological response is related to the logarithm of the intensity of the physical stimulus.
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Gustav Fechner
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Using magnitude estimation and cross-modality matching techniques, ______ proposed that the magnitude of the psychological response is related to the intensity of the stimulus, raised to a certain power, n.
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S.S. Stevens
(In general, Stevens's predictions are more accurate than Fechner's |
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________ allows a researcher to study the massed activity of many neurons. However, it's difficult to determine the specific location of the activity.
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
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Two non-invasive methods for mapping brain activity:
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1. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
2. Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) |
