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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
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Assumptions of Behaviorism
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Determinism
mental explantations are ineffective power of environment ( environment is king) |
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Habituation
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Decrease in the strength of a response to repeated stimuli
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Habituation: example
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if you live on a noisy street you soon learn to ignore the noise so you can sleep at night.
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Classical conditioning
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essentially pairing one stimulus with another
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Classical conditioning: example
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one stimulus (pine scent) come to elicit response (happy feeling) that original was elicited only by other stimulus (camping)
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Pavlov's Dogs
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pavlov found that when he repeatedly rung a bell when he would feed the dogs it would cause them to salivate even before he would bring out the food. he found that even i he just rang the bell the dogs would salivate. soon the effect began to wear off. he reintroduced the food recreating the response.
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UCS
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unconditioned stimulus- stimulus that creates a response.
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UCR
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Unconditioned response- the natural reflexive response elicited by the UCS
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CS
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conditioned stimulus- a previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the UCS and elicits the same response.
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CR
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conditioned response the response that is elicited by the CR, it is identical to the UCR
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Extinction
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Process when CS (tone) is presented repeatedly W/O UCS (food)
CR (salivation) weakens and eventually disappears |
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Spontaneous Recovery
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A temporary return of a extinguished response after a delay.
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Generalization
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Stimuli similar to CS elicit a CR
(similar tone will cause dogs to salivate) |
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Discrimination
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Demonstrated when CR occurs to one stimulus but not others
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Little Albert
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Watson took an 11 month old and scared him.
originally not afraid of white rats. Paired white rat with loud noise until Albert cried at white rats. no fear of colored blocks fear with furry white objects or santa claus mask (stimulus generalization) |
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Taste Aversion
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results from eating something, it making you sick. you then pair the sickness to the food, therefor getting ill or nauseous when around or eating that food again.
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Blocking effect
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A previously established association to one stimulus blocks the formation of an association to an added stimulus.
Pair light with an electric shock rat will show fear to the light not the time if you start the tone first the rat will not be afraid of the light. |
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Operant conditioning
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The process of changing behavior by providing a reinforcement after a response.
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Three part contingency of Operant Conditioning
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Antecedents, behaviors, consequences
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Disequilibrium Principle
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each of us has a normal "equilibrium" state which we divide our time among various activities.
If you have a limited opportunity to engage in one of your behaviors you are in disequilibrium and an opportunity to increase that behavior will reinforcing. |
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Classical conditioning
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Subjects behavior has NO effect on the outcome.
Influences visceral responses- salivation, digestion, ect. |
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Different between classical and operant conditioning
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Operant you reward the behavior you want. classical you have no effect on the outcome.
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Reward
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To "reward" the desired behavior.
Example: to give a dog a treat for sitting on command |
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Punishment
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To "punish" the undesired behavior.
Example: to spank a child when they misbehave. |
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Reinforcement
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procedure to increase rate of a desired behavior.
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Shaping
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reinforcing successive approximations toward behavior
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Chaining
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for development of a sequence of behavior
reinforce each response w/ opportunity to perform the next response |
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Primary reinforcer
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stimuli that an organism naturally finds reinforcing
- satisfying biological needs ( food, sex, ect.) |
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Secondary reinforcer
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Stimuli that give you the power to acquire primary reinforcers
- money, education |
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Four Reinforcement Schedules
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Positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement positive punishment negative punishment |
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Positive Reinforcement
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reward behavior by giving it something that is pleasing
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Negative reinforcement
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reward behavior by taking away something that is annoying or displeasing
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Positive punishment
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Punishing the behavior by giving them something that is annoying
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Negative punishment
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Punish the behavior by taking away something pleasing.
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Observational Learning
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occurs by observing the behavior of a model
- parent, teacher, peers, strangers |
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Bobo Doll experiment
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the experiment where banduras took and showed a group of kids an actor beating up the doll. then put them in a room and the kids reenacted the behavior showed to them. where the control group didn't do anything with the doll presented to them.
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Banduras social cognitive theory of modeling
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Attention
retention reproduction motivation |
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Long Term Potentiation
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strengthening of a synaptic connection, resulting in postsynaptic neurons that are more easily activated
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Meme
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A unit of cultural knowledge
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memory
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Capacity to retain and retrieve information
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Attention
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Your tendency to respond to and to remember some stimuli more than others at a given time.
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Three Characters of Attention
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it is limited
it is selective it is both overt and covert |
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Change Blindness
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The failure to detect changes in parts of a scene
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Inattentional Blindness
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failure to notice unexpected and irrelevant events when people are engaged in a attention demanding task
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Parallel Processing
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Processing multiple types of information at the same time.
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The stroop effect
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the tendency to read the words instead of saying the color of the ink
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Attention bottleneck
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attention capacity is limited- you can only attend to so many things at once.
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Consolidation
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a process by which immediate memories become lasting (or long-term) memories
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The three main processes of memory
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encoding, storage, retrieval
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Encoding
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Conversion of info into a form that can be stored and retrieved
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Storage
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Retaining info over time
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retrieval
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the processes that access stored info
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Methods for testing memory
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free recall, cued recall, recognition, savings method
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explicite and implicite memories
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Explicite memories- conscious memories
implicit memories- unconscious memories |
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declarative memories
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knowledge that can be declared
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episodic memories
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memory for your past personal experiences
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semantic memories
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memory for knowledge about the world
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