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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is perceptual bias?
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The way in which ambiguous figures such as the vase or the picture of the rat/man are perceived depends on what was seen just before.
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What do electrically triggered images and brain imaging show?
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A clear relation between physiological mechanisms and psychological phenomena.
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Describe Gibson and Walk's visual cliff experiment and the results.
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Babies were placed on a plank. One side had a checkered pattern right under glass. One side had a checkered pattern on the floor under the glass. Babies would not crawl to their mother if they were on the "drop off" side.
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What are displays in social interaction?
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Courtship/mating displays, threat display, appeasement display, emotional expression.
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What is behaviour? (objective)
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Observable actions of an individual or animal. ex. gaze, answers to questions, heart rate, reaction time, path in a maze
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What are mental processes? (subjective)
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An individual's perceptions, memories, thoughts, dreams, motives, emotions and other subjective experiences.
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Rene Descartes
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Dualist; believed that a lot of behaviour involved only the body and was a reflexive response; believed reasoning had no physical basis
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Thomas Hobbes
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Materialist; spirit, soul, and consciousness are meaningless; everything is the product of physical machinery
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John Locke
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Empiricist; at birth the mind is tabula rasa (blank slate); nature vs. nurture
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Darwin
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Origin of Species - humans are part of nature
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Hermann Helmholtz
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Studied physiological mechanisms underlying sensation and action. Measured speed/rate of neural impulses.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Founder of scientific psychology; speed of simple mental processes; studied simple and complex reaction time.
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What is important to remember in sampling?
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Representative, chance, random sampling, biases.
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What is selection bias?
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A selection procedure is biased ex. only sending questionnaires to people in clubs.
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What is non-response bias?
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Non-respondents can be different than people who do respond. Look out for it if there is a large amount of people who don't respond.
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What is response bias?
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Respondents give faulty information - lying, leading question, forget
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What is experimenter bias?
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Experimenter influenced behaviour of participants or gives a biased interpretation of data.
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What is a controlled experiment?
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The experimenter decides/controls who gets into what group.
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What is a correlation study?
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Subjects "assign" themselves to a group by virtue of their attributes prior to the study.
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What is a double-blind study?
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Neither the participants nor the person measuring their response should know if they are in the control or treatment group.
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What is confounding?
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A difference between the treatment and control groups other than the treatment which affects the responses being studied.
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What is natural selection?
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Some individuals reproduce and pass on their traits; depends on whether they can have sex (willingness, available mates) and environmental pressure (climate, food, predators); inherited traits or characteristics
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What is random variation?
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Genetic mutation provides different inherited characteristics.
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What is William's Syndrome?
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Strong language skills, impaired visual-spatial skills
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What is motherese?
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High pitched, musical; infants prefer it; the same in all cultures
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What are examples of adaptations?
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Fats, sweets, salts; sexual jealousy; facial expressions
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What is the selfish gene?
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Personal survival is the survival of your genes ex. ground squirrels altruistic? or selfish?
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What is an ultimate explanation?
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Functional explanation at the level of evolution (survival, reproduction)
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What is a proximal explanation?
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Deal with mechanism - statements of the intermediate conditions that bring on the behaviour
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What is genetic drift?
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When two populations from the same species have different inheritable characteristics; usually when changes are not maladaptive
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What is ethology?
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Study of animal behaviour in the natural environment which uses evolutionary adaptation as its primary explanatory principle
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What are fixed action patterns?
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Motor responses to specific types of stimuli that are relatively unchangeable by experience
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Explain the behaviour of the male stickleback fish.
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Does a zig-zag dance to attract mates(fixed action pattern) when it sees swollen belly; attacks when it sees red belly
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Explain imprinting.
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Babies exhibit a following response to the first object they see moving in their environment.
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What are homologies?
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Similarity b/t species due to common ancestry
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What are analogies?
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convergent/similar evolutions
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What is sociobiology?
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Study of how mating, aggression, and cooperation in society has evolved because it increases the likelihood of survival.
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What is social dominance and how does it affect the genetic makeup of a species?
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Hierarchies established by social aggression. Dominant males reproduce more.
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Polygyny
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High female, low male investment
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Polyandry
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High male, low female (egg laying species)
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Monogamy
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Equal investment (too much work for one parent)
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Polygynandry
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Group investment
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Why are step-fathers more likely to kill their step-children?
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Sexual jealousy ex. lions kill off children of previously dominant male (but they don't always b/c they're not lions)
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Define learning.
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A more or less permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential due to experience
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What is habituation?
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The decline in tendency to respond to stimuli that have become familiar due to repeated exposure
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Unconditioned reflex
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occurs naturally
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conditioned reflex
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reflex is acquired
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unconditioned stimulus
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stimulus that produces the response in the unconditioned reflex
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unconditioned response
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response in the unconditioned reflex
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conditioned stimulus
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stimulus in the conditioned reflex
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conditioned response
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response in the conditioned reflex
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Extinction
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conditioned reflex becomes weaker when the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus aren't presented together
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spontaneous recovery
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sudden reappearance of conditioned response after extinction
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generalization
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stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus also evoke conditioned response
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discrimination
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ability to discriminate between conditioned stimulus and other unimportant stimuli
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instrumental response
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response acts like an instrument or tool to achieve the desired effect
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What was Thorndike's puzzle box?
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He placed a hungry cat inside a box with food outside. It would accidentally press a paddle that opened the door. After much trial and error, they learned to press the paddle right away.
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Law of Effect
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consequences of a response determine whether tendency to perform it is strengthened or weakened
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operant conditioning
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instrumental response (consequences of a response affect likelihood that they will be repeated)
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reinforcer
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reward that tends to make a response more likely to occur in the future
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Skinner box/operant chambers
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a cage with a lever that the animal can operate to produce an effect like the delivery of juice
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positive reinforcement
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a stimulus that will increase probability of a behaviour
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negative reinforcement
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any stimulus whose removal increases likelihood of a behaviour (pressing a bar to turn off electric shock)
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punishment
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any stimulus whose presence reduces probability of behaviour
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shaping
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rewarding behaviours that are increasingly similar to the desired behaviour
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discriminative stimuli
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external stimuli that exert control over behaviour (red/green light when getting food)
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continuous reinforcement
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every response is reinforced
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partial/intermittent reinforcement
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only some responses are reinforced
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ratio schedule
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reinforcer given after some number of responses
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interval schedule
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reinforcer given after some time period
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fixed
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the number of responses/time period is held constant
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variable
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the number of responses/time period is variable
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what is a typical response for fixed-ratio?
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bursts of responses
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what is a typical response for variable ratio?
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high steady rate of responding
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what is a typical response for fixed interval?
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pauses with accelerating responses as the time approaches
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what is a typical response for variable interval?
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slow, steady pattern of responses
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explain how Tolman's maze rats argued for cognitive maps
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they would find the quickest route and switch to the next shortest when that was blocked
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