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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is piagetian theory?
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active child, kid constructs hypothesis, performs experiment, draws conclusions; motivated to learn; nature and nurture; discontinuous stages, continuous process
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what is the piagetian process?
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biological drive to make sense of the world; driven by adaptation, organization, equilibration
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what is adaptation, assimilation, accomodation?
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response to environment, integrate new info into existing schema, change schemes w/ new info
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what is equilibration? (equilibrium/disequilibrium)
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balances assimilation and accomodation; no discrepancy b/t experience and understanding, discrepancy understood - leads to better understanding
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what is organization? what does kid do during this
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rearrange existing schemes into new and complex structures
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what are the properties of piagetian stages?
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different stages are qualitatively different, broad applicability, brief transitional periods, invariant (same order), universal
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what are the sensorimotor stages?
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basic reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, intentional behaviour (coordination of secondary, 1 yo), tertiary circular reactions, symbols (2 yo)
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when do kids lack object permanence, make the a-not-b error, actively explore their world?
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secondary circular, intentional behaviour, teritary circular
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what are the properties of the preoperational stage?
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representations but no operations, mental representation, egocentric, centration (focus on one feature), focus on static states
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when can kids solve conservation problems?
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concrete operational stage (7-12)
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describe concrete operational
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less egocentric, decentration, still stimulus bound (7-11)
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describe formal operations
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think abstractly, reason hypothetically, use scientific reasoning, ponder deep questions (11-16)
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problems w/ piaget's theory
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kids aren't that consistent, underestimated infants, underestimated environmental influence, accomodation/assimilation/equilibrium not well spelled out, not all culture reaches formal operations
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what are properties of sociocultural theory?
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importance of cultural learning, other people more important, cultural tools (symbol, map, language), humans only
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4 key parts of vygotsky's theory
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intersubjectivity - mutual understanding of intentions (turn taking, joint attention, social referencing)
scaffolding - frameworks to support child's thinking (goal clarification, withdrawal of support) zone of proximal development - teach a bit beyond them, not too much move from private to inner speech |
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how is the child's learning like a computational system?
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Cognitive development occurs through the “increasingly effective execution of basic processes, expanding memory capacities, and acquisition of new strategies and knowledge”
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what are the properties of information processing theories?
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continuous change, active problem-solvers, basic learning/memory expanded/perfected, association, recognition, generalization, encoding features
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important aspects of info-processing
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basic processing capacity, efficiency, encoding of info, cognitive inhibition, strategy execution, knowledge, metacognition
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what is executive function?
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the processes involved in regulating attention and in determining what to do w/ info just gathered or retrieved from long-term memory
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what is core knowledge of physics?
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infants know that objects occupy space, look longer at impossible event
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what are concepts? different theororists take on this?
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general ideas or understandings that can be used to group together objects, events, qualities, or abstractions that are similar
core knowledge - enter w/ ability to form certain concepts piaget - physical interaction w/ world info-processing - form association sociocultural - scaffold concepts |
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what is essentialism in the innate biology module?
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kids have an understanding that animals inherit an essence, a “dogness”
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what is theory of mind?
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Theory of Mind-the idea that other people can have thoughts and beliefs different from one’s own and that those differing beliefs will guide their actions (2-5 yo)
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what is are some false belief tasks
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box of chalk that says crayons; moving the object when person leaves room
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what are some memory strategies
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rehearsal, organization, elaboration, chunking
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what was the deal w/ chess player's memory?
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good general memory or experience in one field? (normal memory, good at memory of chess pieces on a board)
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what are scripts?
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when asked to retell a story you will say that a person paid the bill if you weren’t told (kids don’t remember)
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what is fuzzy trace theory?
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verbatim or gist (kids = verbatim)
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what factors affect eyewitness memory/testimony?
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iq, incentive, stress, emotional support, working memory and inhibition, theory of mind, source monitoring, knowledge
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what is phonological decoding/phonemic awareness, what does it predict?
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ability to say what the first sound in cat is, which doesn’t rhyme; words made up of smaller units; future reading ability
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what are the developmental stages in reading?
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prereading (0-kindergarten), reading/decoding (grade 1-2), fluency (2-3), reading for new learning (4-8), mulitple viewpoints (hs), construction/reconstruction (uni on)
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what are low level and high level goals in writing?
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much harder: low - form letters, spelling, punctiuation; high - understandable, coherent, enough info
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properties of numeracy
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0-5m have up to 3 hardwired (subitizing - no counting, mental images), most 3 yos can count to 10, understand number at 5, ratio system - can tell difference b/t 4 and 8 but not 4 and 6
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what are the rules kids count by?
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one to one- each item gets a unique label
stable-order - number order the same each time you count cardinal - last # label given = # in total abstraction - an count anything order-irrelevant - doesn't matter what order, you end up w/ same amount |
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what is intelligence
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an individual’s ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, and to overcome obstacles through mental effort
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what is crystallized and fluid intelligence
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crystallized - continues to increase (facts and info that you know), fluid peaks (20-25) (how you learn things, iq)
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what is the gardner theory of multiple intelligences?
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field of education (no good research); everyone has different profile - need to encourage, biologically based and determined, based on adults w/ neurological insults
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what is steinberg's triarchic theory
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analytic intelligence (iq test), creative intelligence (new ways to solve problems), practical (succeed in spite of hardship, adapting)
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what are the differences in intelligence b/t boys and girls
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iq range is greater for males, boys better at math and science, girls = reading and writing; men = better at spacial thinking? women better at language?
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what are the cut offs for giftedness and intellectual disability
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130 or 145; 70 -10 (mild, moderate, severe, profound; savants)
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what are the principles of successful early intervention
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timing, intensity, direct provision from program to child, breadth (broad spectrum), recognize individual differences, environmental maintenance, culturally appropriate
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creative people are...
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Open to new ideas
Inherently curious Motivated by intrinsic reward Don’t worry about what others think; produce original, appropriate, and valuable ideas and/or solutions to problems; see connections; develop a simple idea in different ways |