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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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test
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measurement device that quantifies behavior
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states
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situation-specific characteristics
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traits
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enduring characteristics of an indiviual independent of the situation
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psychological test
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measure overt and covert characteristics of humans past, present, and future
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psychological testing
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use of psychological tests and all its applications, uses, and underlying concepts
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Item
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specific questions or problems in a test, or a stimulus that elicits an overt response
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Achievement Testing
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test of previous learning (the kind you take for a class)
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Aptitude Testing
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Test for a person's ability to learn a new skill
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Intelligence Testing
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problem solving, adapting to change. potential INDEPENDENT of previous learning
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Psychological Test
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measures characteristics pertaining to behavior, both covert and observable, in past, present, and future human behavior
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Psychological Assessment
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a procedure used to evaluate an individual to describe current and future functioning of a person. Can be tests, interviews, case studies, observations, etc.
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Psychological Testing
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use of psychological tests and all possible uses, applications, and underlying concepts of psychological tests
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Results if a test is reliable
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free from measurement error
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Reliability
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the extent to which a score is free from measurement error; ratio of true score variance to observed score variance, estimated using correlational methods
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Standardization sample
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comparison group of individuals administered a test under standard conditions. Also called a normative sample. Used to calculate percentile rank.
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Factor Analysis
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a. A set of multivariate data analysis methods for reducing large matrixes of correlations to fewer variables; the variables are linear combinations of the variables that were in the original correlation matrix (or, finding patterns in the data that strengthen correlations by making them more specific)
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Hypothetical Construct
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The theoretical ideas or processes on which operational definitions are based
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Operational Definition
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Sample of the construct's effects, defined to be measurable in the real world
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Measurable Phenomenon
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all phenomena the construct generates (like the real world demonstrations of the idea of "love")
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Veil of Measurability
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the point that separates the world of constructs from the world of measurable phenomena; creates a slight disjunction between constructs and operational definitions, but its effects can't be measured.
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Structured Personality Test
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tests that provide a statement, usually of the self-report variety (I like Rock and Roll music), and require the subject to choose between two or more alternative responses (true or false, for example); also called objective personality test
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Projective Personality Test
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b. Projective: tests in which the stimulus or the required response or both are ambiguous; the general idea behind projective tests is that a person’s interpretation of an ambiguous stimulus reflects his or her unique characteristics
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Psychometry
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the study, creation, and evaluation of Psychological Tests: includes the major properties of Reliability and Validity
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Norm-referenced Test
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Uses a standardization sample to reference the tester's performance in comparison to others
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Criterion-referenced Test
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Uses the test to predict performance outcome outside the test (i.e.: the ACT is used to detect how a student will do in college)
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Types of psychological questions answered through assessment
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a. Diagnosis and treatment planning; monitor treatment progress; help clients make more effective life choices/changes—career planning and deciding to seek therapy or to work harder in therapy; program evaluation; helping third parties make informed decisions—custody evaluations, employers, police academies, college admissions, personality styles
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Purpose of assessments in a hospital setting
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Diagnose and treat patients, monitor progress
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Purpose of assessments in a school setting
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Diagnose learning disabilities, giftedness, behavioral problems
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Purpose of assessments in Forensic settings
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Measure sanity, psychopathology, lawsuit justifications, court-ordered evaluations, competency to stand trial, jury selection
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Purpose of assessments in Employment setting
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aptitude tests, intelligence tests, competence of job (ie customer service evaluations), psychological profiling, applicant selection
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Purpose of assessments in a counseling setting
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track progress, evaluate therapy effectiveness, profiling, aptitude, compatibility
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Magnitude
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scaling property of "moreness"--a person can have more or less of a given quality (ie John is taller than Fred--good example!)
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Equal Intervals
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Scaling property that gives the same "distance" between two points in one part of the scale than in another; personality tests can't really do this
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Absolute Zero
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Scaling property that allows for ratio calculation (you can't calculate ratio for Celsius or Farenheit but you can for Kelvin)
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Nominal
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weakest scale of measurement: mutually exclusive or exhaustive categories (Nike wearers vs. Adidas wearers). No magnitude, equal intervals, or Absolute 0)
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Ordinal Scale
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Rank-ordered scaling. Exclusive and exhaustive categories. Has magnitude, but not equal interval or absolute zero data)
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Interval Scale
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Intervals can be measured in the data. Has magnitude and equal interval, but not absolute zero data. T-tests can still be performed here.
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Ratio Scale
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measured on a scale with an absolute zero; rarely exists in psychology. Has magnitude, equal interval, AND absolute zero. T-tests can be performed.
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Frequency Distribution
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Shows ALL possible scores and how frequently each possible value was obtained
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Histogram
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A bar graph using equal intervals and no spaces in between the bars
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Stem-and-Leaf Plots
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Groups data by tens digits (stems) and ones digits (leaves) to give a quick feel to the shape of the frequency distribution
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Percentile Rank
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percentage of scores that fall below a certain percentile
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Mean
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best used for interval and ratio data, but most sensitive to skews and outliers. The average of all scores
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Median
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Ordinal-level data: best for situations with outliers or markedly skewed data. Ignores all points but the 50th percentile. The middle score in a rank-ordered set
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Mode
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Nominal data; can draw attention to outliers. Gives a bad sense of central tendency. Most commonly occuring value in the set. Dr. South thinks it's useless.
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Variance
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sum of the square of the X values minus the mean, divided by N. (Or, average squared deviations around the mean) For sample, sub n-1 for N.
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Standard Deviation
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square root of the variance (average squared deviations around the mean)
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Negative skew
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greatest distribution is offset from normal to the RIGHT
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Positive Skew
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greatest distribution is offset from normal to the LEFT
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Kurtosis
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Peakedness of the curve; how steeply does it rise? probability distribution of a real-valued variable
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Leptokurtic
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Sharp peak, as opposed to the more gradual slope of a normal distribution. Said to have "fat tails" (higher probability of extreme values)
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Playtikurtic
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very gradual slope of a curve compared to a normal distribution. "Thin tails"; lower probability of extreme values
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Mesokurtic
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Normal distribution; kurtosis of 0.
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Z score
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score minus the mean, divided by the standard deviation. Puts scores into easily measurable units that show how extreme they are. Z-score of 0 IS the mean
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T score
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Like z scores, but in this case the mean=50 and the standard deviation=10 (in T score terms; the scores range from 0-100). Still tells how far from the mean a score falls, but 5sd above to 5sd below are all positive values. Values >70 or <30 are considered clinically significant. T=10z + 50, or T=(10/s)X +(50-10(Xbar/s))
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Norm
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performance info relative to standardization sample. Used as a reference for an individual's scores
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Distribution of error
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Error distributed evenly, so all scores are affected
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5 characteristics of a good theory
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explanatory power (strong ability to explain data), broad scope (external validity), systematic (cohesive statements), fruitful (contributes to existing knowledge), parsimonious (simple explanation)
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Correlation Coefficient
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degree of variation in one variable estimated by knowing the variable's variation; describes the direction and magnitude of a relationship, not to be confused with causation. (more correlation=the variables are more related)
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Principle of Least Squares
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squared deviation about the mean; line is obtained by keeping these values as small as possible. Regression line is the line of least squares.
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Covariance
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degree to which two variables vary together (the other changes when one changes. DOES NOT mean they both change in the same direction!)
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Pearson Product Moment Correlation
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ratio used to determine degree of variation in one variable that can be estimated from knowledge about variation in other variable. Range: -1-1, where 0=no correlation, -1=perfectly negative correlation, and 1=perfectly positive correlation
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Residual
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amount of observed Y not accounted for by Y' (predicted Y) in a regression line; sum of residuals always=0 because of least squares equation used.
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Standard Error of Estimate
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Standard deviation of residuals; gives an estimate of how much error is present in an experiment. If Y' values are close to Y values, it will be small
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Coefficient of Alienation
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opposite of Correlation Coefficient; how much do the variables NOT influence each other
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Shrinkage
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Shrinking in the observed strength of a correlation over time due to the decreased probability of a chance correlation
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Restricted Range
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occurs when range of variables becomes restricted; leads to reduced variance and alter strength of correlation coefficient (floor and ceiling effects)
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Purpose of Discriminate Analysis
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useful to discriminate between two already-known groups, classify groups into distinct categories
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Coefficient of Determination
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amount of variance in one variable that can be accounted for by another
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Regression Formula
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Y'-a+bX. a=intercept (Y value when x=0), b=slope (regression coefficient). Regression tells us how much we can predict.
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Linear Regression
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X and Y; simple bivariate relationship
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Multiple Regression
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multiple variables interact to produce Y'
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Classical Test Score Theory
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X=T + E
(x=observed score, t=true score, e=error) measurement error=difference between true and observed scores |
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Domain Sampling Model
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test items are used to sample specific domains. Domain is a large collection of items
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Inter-rater reliability
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consistency among judges viewing the same behavior.
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Kappa Coefficient
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measures agreement between multiple judges who rate objects using nominal data
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Cronbach's Alpha
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measures agreement between judges using interval or ratio data
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How to improve reliability
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increase number of items or sample size, throw out bad items, and estimate true correlation without measurement error
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Selected Response format
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multiple choice: dichotomous has two choices, polytomous has multiple
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Distractors
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incorrect responses in selected response format
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Constructed Response Format
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essay questions, fill-in-the-blank, short answer
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Summative Scales
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Likert and Category scales. Create Ordinal data
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Category Format
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9-10 item max, clearly defined anchor intervals, more options than a Likert scale
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4 questions to have while making an item bank
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1. What domain should they cover?
2. How many items are needed? 3. What are my demographics? 4. How should I word the items |
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4 ways to score tests
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1. cumulative scoring: items summed to form a total score
2. subscale scoring: subscales are scored seperately 3.class of category: test-takers grouped into performance categories (ie: A, B, C, D, F) 4. Ispative: subscale scores are compared against each other |
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Optimum Difficulty Level
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point midway between 100% and the level of success expected by chance alone
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Extreme Group Method
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people with highest scores compared against people with lowest scores on specific items to see if those items have good discrimination
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Biserial Method
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correlation between item performance and total test performance
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Item Characteristic Curve
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Item Analysis Graph where X=total test score, and Y=proportion of test takers who pass the specific item
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What percentages fall where on standard deviations for a normal distribution?
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68% within 1 sd, 95% within 2 sds, 99.7% within 3 sds
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