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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social cognitive theory is best described as a view of learning that:
A) emphasizes the effects of observing others on students' thoughts and behavior. B) emphasizes the strategies that students use to solve interpersonal problems. C) emphasizes the ways that students perceive and think about problems. D) emphasizes the social interactions that occur among students in classrooms |
emphasizes the effects of observing others on students' thoughts and behavior.
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Which of the following statements most accurately describes a comparison between behaviorism and social cognitive learning theory?
A) For social cognitive theorists, learning could occur without a change in observable behavior, whereas this could not occur for behaviorists. B) Teachers using behaviorism to guide their instruction provide feedback that tells learners whether or not their answers are correct, whereas teachers using social cognitive learning theory to guide their instruction don't provide feedback for learners. C) Social cognitive learning theorists focus primarily on reinforcers, whereas behaviorists focus more on punishers. D) For social cognitive theorists, learning focuses on memorizing ideas, whereas for behaviorism, learning focuses on understanding. |
For social cognitive theorists, learning could occur without a change in observable behavior, whereas this could not occur for behaviorists.
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Social cognitive theory and behaviorism differ in their views of reinforcement and punishment. This difference is reflected in the fact that social cognitive theory:
A) emphasizes the role of expectations in interpreting reinforcers and punishers. B) more strongly emphasizes reinforcers and tends to ignore punishers. C) more strongly emphasizes the effects of different schedules of reinforcement on behavior. D) more strongly emphasizes the direct effects of reinforcers on behavior |
emphasizes the role of expectations in interpreting reinforcers and punishers.
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Reciprocal causation is a term must closely associated with:
A) social constructivism. B) operant conditioning. C) social cognitive learning. D) classical conditioning |
social cognitive learning.
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Steve, an 11th grader, happens to bring a copy of The Great Gatsby with him to his physics class. Mr. Horton, his physics teacher, compliments him on his range of interest and his taste in American literature.
Ann, one of Steve's classmates, is there when Steve and Mr. Horton are having their conversation. She asks Steve if she can borrow The Great Gatsby, and she begins reading it. 5) Of the following, Ann's request best illustrates a behavior resulting from: A) negative reinforcement. B) classical conditioning. C) vicarious learning. D) positive reinforcement. |
vicarious learning.
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Use the following example for the question(s) below.
"Thomas, Antonio, we speak only when we're given permission when we're in a discussion," Ms. Parado reprimands, as Thomas and Antonio are whispering during a learning activity. The boys stop whispering. Kareem who has also been whispering to Joe while watching Ms. Parado out of the corner of his eye, also stops. 6) The modeling outcome, or modeling effect, that Ms. Parado's reprimand has on Kareem can be best described as: A) suppressing an emotion. B) strengthening an inhibition. C) learning new behaviors. D) facilitating an existing behavior. |
strengthening an inhibition.
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Jeff has just watched Dr. Zhivago–the story of a Russian physician and poet, set during the Russian Revolution, and his love affair with Lara, the subject of his poems–for the first time in his life. He finds his eyes getting moist and he feels almost as if he wants to rush forward to help when he watches an overwhelmed Zhivago try to catch Lara as she walks down a Moscow street.
7) The type of modeling illustrated in the example is best described as: A) synthesized. B) symbolic. C) direct. D) abstract. |
symbolic
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Nikki wants to learn how to serve effectively in tennis, but she doesn't quite know how to begin. Nikki watches a DVD of Serena Williams's serve, seeing the power and smoothness of her swing. She carefully watches Serena serve and also listens carefully as Serena describes how difficult it was to learn to serve.
"Why don't you study Roger Federer's serve?" Nikki's coach, Mrs. Cooper suggests. "It's so easy and fluid. It seems so natural for him." Nikki rents a DVD of Roger Federer's serve and does as Mrs. Cooper suggests. She incorporates some of Federer's techniques into her serve, but she returns to Serena's and her serve looks mostly like Serena's now. 8) Two forms of modeling are illustrated in the example. They are: A) symbolic and synthesized. B) direct and symbolic. C) direct and synthesized. D) direct and abstract. |
symbolic and synthesized.
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9) Emily watches her older brother while he plays soccer. She then goes out to soccer practice and tries to play like he does. What type of modeling does this illustrate?
A) Direct modeling B) Vicarious modeling C) Synthesized modeling D) Symbolic modeling |
Direct modeling
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Lori says to her boyfriend, Fred, "C'mon, let's dance," as a DJ began another set.
"Wait a minute," he responds. "Not right now. We're having fun talking." "Aww," Lori continues. "You're such a good dancer. You can do any of these better than the other people out there." Fred shrugs and smiles at Lori's enthusiasm. Two other couples then go out to the dance floor as Lori and Fred continued chatting and glancing across the floor. "Okay, let's go," Fred says, pulling Lori onto the floor. Of the following, the best explanation for Fred's wanting to dance is: A) Fred learned the dance step from watching the other couples dance, so he learned a new behavior. B) seeing the other couples dance facilitated an existing behavior in Fred. C) Lori's enthusiasm heightened Fred's enthusiasm, so an emotional arousal effect took place. D) seeing the other couples dance weakened Fred's inhibition about dancing. |
seeing the other couples dance facilitated an existing behavior in Fred.
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A pedestrian standing at a red light sees someone else cross against the light and then does the same. This is an example of:
A) indirect modeling. B) direct modeling. C) symbolic modeling. D) synthesized modeling. |
direct modeling.
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Prominent celebrities and athletes are often recruited to endorse certain products, even though they don't necessarily know anything about the product–such as an athlete endorsing a type of underwear. We can explain this tendency with social cognitive theory by saying:
A) the celebrities and athletes are effective models because they're rich. B) the celebrities and athletes are effective models because they're usually physically attractive. C) the celebrities and athletes are effective models because they have high status. |
the celebrities and athletes are effective models because they have high status.
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Self-regulation can best be described as the process in which students:
A) use the consequences of peers' behaviors to decide appropriate behavior. B) use models to know how and when to act. C) use vicarious learning to learn cognitive strategies. D) use thoughts and actions to reach academic goals. |
use thoughts and actions to reach academic goals.
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Of the following, the most effective way teachers can promote self-assessment is to:
A) provide frequent quizzes and tests. B) encourage students to work with and compare their performance to other students. C) encourage students to check their answers on their assignments before handing them in. D) provide grades that help students know how they are doing in comparison to other students. |
encourage students to check their answers on their assignments before handing them in.
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A pedestrian standing at a red light sees someone else cross against the light and then does the same. The modeling effect, or modeling outcome, best illustrated in this example is:
A) facilitating an existing behavior. B) learning a new behavior. C) arousing an emotion. D) changing an inhibition. |
changing an inhibition
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A four-year-old observes his brother kick the basketball after missing a shot and hears his father cuss after making a mistake. When he plays basketball and misses a shot, he kicks the ball and cusses. This is an example of:
A) synthesized modeling. B) symbolic modeling. C) direct modeling. D) indirect modeling. |
synthesized modeling
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Of the following, which is not a process involved in learning from models?
A) Reproduction B) Demonstration C) Attention D) Retention |
Demonstration
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Steve, an 11th grader, happens to bring a copy of The Great Gatsby with him to his physics class. Mr. Horton, his physics teacher, compliments him on his range of interest and his taste in American literature.
Ann, one of Steve's classmates, is there when Steve and Mr. Horton are having their conversation. She asks Steve if she can borrow The Great Gatsby, and she begins reading it. 18) Consider Mr. Horton, Steve, and Ann. Based on the information in the example, which of the following statements is most accurate? A) Mr. Horton was a model for Steve but not Ann. B) Mr. Horton was a model for Ann but not Steve. C) Mr. Horton was a model for both Steve and Ann. D) Steve was a model for Ann. |
Steve was a model for Ann.
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"I really like the way Andy is working so quietly," Mrs. Evertson says to her second graders in an attempt to encourage diligent effort in her students on a seat-work assignment.
19) Of the following, Mrs. Evertson's comment best illustrates an attempt to apply which of the following with the students in her class other than Andy? A) Positive reinforcement B) Continuous reinforcement C) Vicarious reinforcement D) Negative reinforcement |
Vicarious reinforcement
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"I really like the way Andy is working so quietly," Mrs. Evertson says to her second graders in an attempt to encourage diligent effort in her students on a seat-work assignment.
Consider Mrs. Evertson, Andy, and the rest of the students. Which of the following is the most accurate statement? A) Mrs. Evertson is attempting to be a model for Andy as well as the rest of the students. B) Mrs. Evertson is attempting to use Andy as a model for the rest of the students. C) Mrs. Evertson is attempting to be a model for the rest of the students but not necessarily for Andy. D) Mrs. Evertson is attempting to be a model for Andy but not necessarily for the rest of the students |
Mrs. Evertson is attempting to use Andy as a model for the rest of the students.
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The direct imitation of behavior observed in others is called:
A) generalization. B) contiguity. C) modeling. D) potency. |
modeling
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The process of people observing the consequences of other's actions and adjusting their own behavior accordingly is referred to as:
A) cognitive modeling. B) operant conditioning. C) symbolic modeling. D) vicarious learning. |
vicarious learning.
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According to Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, the most important and influential source of self-efficacy information comes from
A) social persuasion B) mastery experiences C) modeling D) volition |
mastery experiences
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In Bandura's social cognitive learning theory, the interaction among personal factors, environmental events, and behaviors is called
A) enactive learning. B) vicarious learning. C) reciprocal causality. D) self-efficacy. |
reciprocal causality
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According to Bandura, expectations are part of which one of the elements that comprise reciprocal causality?
A) Behavioral factors B) Social factors C) Environmental factors D) Personal factors |
Personal factors
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What are the steps involved in self-regulated learning?
A) Modeling, reflection, self-evaluation, devising plans B) Self-efficacy, strategy use, volition C) Analyzing the task, setting goals, devising plans, enacting strategies D) Teaching, practice, goal-setting, reflective task analysis |
Analyzing the task, setting goals, devising plans, enacting strategies
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) Which one of the following quotes is an example of high self-efficacy?
A) "The teacher hates me, so I know I will flunk this course." B) "I am usually good at math, so I will do well in this class." C) "I am usually lucky on this type of test, so I should do well on this one." D) "The math teacher is easy-going, so I should do well in this class." |
"I am usually good at math, so I will do well in this class."
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The first phase in observational learning defined as paying attention to a model is:
A) motivational phase. B) reproduction. C) attention phase. D) retention phase. |
attention phase.
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An example of a symbolic model is
A) an adult. B) a picture. C) a child. D) an animal. |
a picture
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An example of a behavior that would not result in low self-efficacy is
A) failure in school. B) persuasion that one is competent. C) criticism. D) comparisons between one’s performance and that of peers. |
persuasion that one is competent.
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People with low evaluation of personal competencies are likely to
A) judge themselves positively but have low self-esteem. B) judge themselves negatively but have high self-esteem. c) judge themselves negatively and have poor self-esteem. D) judge themselves positively and have high self-esteem. |
judge themselves negatively and have poor self-esteem.
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Which of the following physiological states negatively influences judgments of self-efficacy?
A) high anxiety B) enhanced anticipation C) high excitement D) optimism |
high anxiety
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Observational learning theory has been useful in an effort to understand the influence of television on
A) aggression. B) cooperation. C) rewards for behaviors. D) gangs. |
aggression.
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Jim has a high sense of self-efficacy regarding his ability to work with wood. Based on
this information, we would predict three of the following from social cognitive theory. Which one of the following would we not necessarily predict? a. Jim will frequently choose activities that involve working with wood. b. Jim will be a bit careless when he works with wood, so he will often make silly little mistakes. c. Compared to Joe, who has low self-efficacy, Jim will do a better job at woodworking tasks. d. If Jim has difficulty at a task requiring his woodworking skills, he will tend to “try, try again” until he gets it right. |
Jim will be a bit careless when he works with wood, so he will often make silly
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Mr. Limpitlaw wants to increase his female students’ self-efficacy for mastering simple
car maintenance procedures. He can best do this by: a. Presenting a film that shows an experienced auto mechanic at work b. Describing how easily he learned these things when he was their age c. Having the students watch other girls successfully change the oil and the air filter d. Having the students read a book with clear, step-by-step instructions for changing the oil and the air filter |
Having the students watch other girls successfully change the oil and the air filter
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Maria is what social cognitive theorists would describe as a self-regulating person
when it comes to her moral behavior. Given this information, which one of the following descriptions best describes Maria’s moral behavior? a. She works for social incentives; for example, she contributes to charity if she thinks that other people will like her better for doing so. b. She behaves in morally appropriate ways only when she thinks other people are watching her. c. She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong behavior, and she feels guilty when she violates those standards. d. She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong, but those standards seldom influence the way she actually behaves. |
She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong behavior, and she
feels guilty when she violates those standards. |
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one of the following illustrates the self-imposed contingencies aspect of selfregulation?
a. Adele feels terrible when she inadvertently hurts a classmate’s feelings. b. Bonnie knows how happy her parents will be if she brings home a good report card. c. Clint doesn’t like striking out when it’s his turn at bat because his teammates will think he’s a bad baseball player. d. Daryl checks his watch frequently as he takes a standardized test to be sure he can finish the test in the allotted time. |
Adele feels terrible when she inadvertently hurts a classmate’s feelings.
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Three of the following strategies should help students become more self-regulating.
Which strategy will not promote self-regulation? a. Ms. Alexander encourages Andy to set a target for himself regarding the number of sit-ups he will be able to do by the end of the month. b. Mr. Bottenberg teaches Beth to reinforce herself whenever she gets her homework done on time. c. Ms. Carlson asks Craig to make a check mark on a piece of paper whenever he finds himself talking out of turn. d. Mr. D’Angelo asks a teacher aide to keep a close eye on Darlene and, when necessary, to remind her to stay on task. |
. Mr. D’Angelo asks a teacher aide to keep a close eye on Darlene and, when
necessary, to remind her to stay on task. |
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In social cognitive theorists’ conceptualization of reciprocal causation, which one of
the following is a person factor? a. Alma got an A in science last year. b. Bree expects to do well in science this year. c. Curt’s friend Doug will be in his science class this year. d. Doug has already read the first two chapters of his science textbook. |
Bree expects to do well in science this year.
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Only one of the following statements describes an accurate comparison between
behaviorist and social cognitive theories of learning. Which statement is accurate? a. Both perspectives ignore the role that thought processes play in learning. b. Only social cognitive theorists propose that reinforcement affects observers as well as the individuals actually being reinforced. c. Both behaviorists and social cognitive theorists propose that punishment has little or no effect on behavior. d. Both behaviorists and social cognitive theorists use the concept of extinction to explain what happens when a response is no longer reinforced. |
Only social cognitive theorists propose that reinforcement affects observers as well
as the individuals actually being reinforced. |
