Psych 358 Book Questions - Ch 1,2,3,4,6

The ability to make contingency plans to deal with temptation is indicative of a:

A. well developed cool system.

B. well developed hot system.

C. poorly developed cool system.

D. poorly developed hot system.

Avoidant causes are thought to be compelling because they:

A. are difficult to specify.

B. are unpleasant.

C. represent a threat to our survival.

D. are specific.

It has been shown that humans are inclined to persist:

A. when they are making no progress towards a goal but have hope of attaining a goal.

B. when they have been rewarded intermittently.

C. when they develop mastery or competence while working towards a goal.

D. all of these.

A central characteristic of people who self-regulate is that:

A. their behavior is governed by short-term rewards.

B. they spend little or no time reflecting on past successes or failures.

C. they tend to act on the first thing that pops into their minds.

D. they reflect on what went right and what went wrong.

What the main elements of cognitive-choice theories?

A. expectancies and needs

B. values and needs

C. expectancies, values, and needs

D. expectancies and values

Evolutionary psychology, in contrast to sociobiology, emphasizes the idea that

A. there is no evolutionary advantage to acting in a selfish manner.

B. acting in a selfless manner has an evolutionary advantage.

C. acting in a selfish manner has an evolutionary advantage.

D. there is no evolutionary advantage to acting in a selfless manner.

It has been suggested by Buck that humans have two central drives (minds):

A. self-preservation and preservation of the species.

B. reproduction and preservation of the species.

C. health and happiness.

D. self-preservation and a focus on happiness.

It has been suggested by Buck that humans tend to

A. act in a selfish manner when it is appropriate.

B. act in a selfless manner when it is appropriate.

C. act in a selfish or selfless manner when it is appropriate.

D. act in a selfish manner in all situations.

Temperament refers to

A. how we understand the world (self-knowledge).

B. how we self-regulate ourselves (self-control).

C. how we react to the world and how we self-regulate

D. how we react to the world (reactivity).

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the view of evolutionary psychology on the origin or cause of behavior?

A. Genes determine brain design which produces dispositions to action.

B. Genes cause action.

C. Learning and cognition cause action.

D. Needs cause action.

Which of the following would be the best procedure to use to try to shed some light on the role that learning and cognition play in causing individual differences in behavior?

A. observe the effects of raising monozygotic twins in different environments

B. observe the effects of raising dizygotic twins in different environments

C. observe the effects of raising monozygotic twins in the same environment

D. observe the effects of raising ordinary siblings in different environments

According to Gray’s model of approach/avoidance motivation, the ______ is activated by conditioned signals of rewards and nonpunishment.

A. immune system

B. behavioral inhibition system

C. endocrine system

D. behavioral activation system

Activation of the ______ serves to promote the suppression of inappropriate behavior.

A. behavioral activation system

B. behavioral inhibition system

C. immune system

D. endocrine system

Jack likes to take risks and shows little or no fear when approaching new tasks. Jack’s behavior may be due to

A. his BAS and BIS being equally active.

B. his immune system suppression.

C. his BAS being more active than his BIS.

D. his BAS being less active than his BIS.

The dopaminergic pathway in creating positive affect.

A. plays a role in creating positive affect.

B. helps humans learn both adaptive and nonadaptive behaviors.

C. helps humans learn both adaptive and nonadaptive behaviors and plays a role

D. helps humans learn adaptive behaviors.

From a purely biological perspective, humans eat to ___

A. have a source of energy.

B. ingest elements important for rebuilding cells and generating various

C. ingest foods/chemicals that can help to remove toxins.

D. Humans eat for all of these reasons.

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Humans are inclined to avoid all new or novel foods.

B. Humans are inclined to avoid all new or novel foods but will sample them

C. Humans are inclined to initially find new or novel foods as pleasant tasting.

D. Humans are inclined to initially gag when they eat new or novel foods.

Based upon the irradiation studies of Garcia, which of the following is least likely to facilitate learning to avoid eating foods that contain toxins? (p. 58)

A. becoming sick an hour after eating the food

B. becoming sick six hours after eating the food

C. the food eaten had a distinctive taste

D. the food eaten had a distinctive visual appearance

Which of the following is an implication of the results of Garcia’s studies on learning to avoid eating things that make us sick?

A. We are biologically prepared to associate stimuli only if they occur close together in time and space

B. We are not biologically prepared to associate stimuli that are distant from one another in time and space

C. We are biologically prepared to make certain stimulus associations but not others

D. Biological preparedness plays little or no role in learning.

From an evolutionary perspective, what is the main advantage of allowing learning/conditioning to play a key role in helping humans to avoid toxins? (p. 58)

A. It allows humans access to a relatively unrestricted food supply.

B. It doesn't clutter the brain with a large number of prewired circuits.

C. It allows humans to make decisions based on scientific information.

D. None of these is correct.

With respect to food selection, the term cultural conditioning refers to

A. food/taste preferences that we each learned through trial and error.

B. food/taste preferences that we acquire through conditioning.

C. food/taste preferences that we acquire through imitation.

D. food/taste preferences that we are actively taught by the elders in our

The reason humans are inclined to cook foods today can be explained by

A. superstitious behavior.

B. cultural conditioning.

C. reward learning.

D. superstitious behavior and cultural conditioning.

Cultural conditioning has it roots in (p. 59)

A. trial and error learning.

B. reward learning.

C. imitation.

D. cognition.

It has been shown that humans have been equipped through evolution to (p. 59)

A. avoid all toxins that exist in our environment today.

B. avoid all synthetic toxins.

C. avoid only toxins that exist in concentrations that can kill us.

D. avoid only certain naturally occurring toxins.

Glucose can be ___

A. oxidized and used as energy.

B. converted to glycerol to be stored in the liver and muscles.

C. converted into amino acids and stored as fat.

D. oxidized and used as energy, and converted to glycerol to be stored in the liver and muscles

Based upon the study of Masters and Johnson, from a biological perspective, the male and female sexual responses.

A. differ quite a bit from one another.

B. differ depending upon the individual male or female in question.

C. are remarkable similar to one another.

D. are subject to the influences of learning or cognition.

The second stage of the sexual response, according to Masters and Johnson, is

A. the excitement phase.

B. the resolution phase.

C. the orgasmic phase.

D. the plateau phase.

Which chemical listed below may play a critical role in the decline of the immune system following the death of a spouse?

A. endorphins

B. dopamine

C. phenylethylanine

D. acetylcholine

According to Sternberg, when passion and commitment occur together you have

A. romantic love.

B. sterile love.

C. liking.

D. fatuous love.

Androgens have been shown to

A. increase development of the right cortex in both males and females.

B. increase development of the left cortex in both males and females.

C. suppress development of the left cortex.

D. increase development of the right cortex in both males and females and suppress development of the left cortex.

Which of the following statements is true?

A. The duration of a REM stage tends to become shorter as the night progresses.

B. The duration of a REM stage tends to remain constant as the night progresses.

C. The duration of a REM stage tends to become longer as the night progresses.

D. The total amount of REM is greater than that of NREM during a normal night’s sleep.

Research with rats indicates that:

A. Without sleep rats will die.

B. The lack of sleep does not affect daily behavior patterns.

C. The lack of sleep facilitates the learning of avoidance behaviors.

D. Sleep is not essential for life.

Evidence suggests that the effects of sleep loss are greater on

A. complex tasks.

B. simple tasks.

C. tasks that demand sustained attention.

D. tasks that are complex and that demand sustained attention.

According to Hobson, dreams reflect

A. creative story telling.

B. our natural tendency to make sense out of nonsense (our natural tendency to synthesize).

C. the tendency to set aside the self-reference system in sleep.

D. all of these.

“Lucid dreaming” means

A. that your dreams are filled with lots of color and action.

B. that you are participating in your dreams.

C. that your dreams have a loose or disjointed quality, violating the laws of time and space.

D. that your dreams convey important insights into your personality.

When people are sleep-deprived they often show cognitive slowing which is thought to be caused by:

A. Microsleeps

B. Memory loss

C. Habituation

D. Lapsing

As far as REM and creativity is concerned,

A. There is no link between REM and creativity

B. Creativity is greater when there is REM

C. Creativity is less when there is REM

D. Creativity and REM and governed by a U-shaped function

Aminergic cells make it possible for humans to:

A. Focus their attention

B. Process information

C. Retrieve memories

D. All of the above

The circadian rhythm is thought to be ultimately controlled by the:

A. Limbic system

B. Amygdala

C. Hypothalamus

D. Prefrontal cortex

Experiments with voluntary sleep reduction indicate that the minimum sleep the normal individual can get along with is about:

A. 6.5-7.5 hours

B. 5.5-6.5 hours

C. 4.5-5.5 hours

D. 3.5-4.5 hours