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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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artificial intelligence (AI)
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the science of creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by peopl
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cognition
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the way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing
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thinking
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manipulating information mentally, as when we form concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and reflect in a creative or critical manner
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concepts
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mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics
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classical model
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model stating that all instances of a concept share defining properties
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prototype model
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model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance"
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problem solving
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an attempt to find an appropriate way of attaining a goal when the goal is not readily available.
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subgoaling
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setting intermediate goals or defining intermediate problems in order to be in a better position to reach the final goal or solution
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algorithms
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strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem
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heuristics
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shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest, but do not guarantee, a solution to a problem
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fixation
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using a prior problem-solving strategy and failing to look at the problem from a fresh, new perspective.
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functional fixedness
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a type of fixation in which individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on a things usual functions
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reasoning
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the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
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inductive reasoning
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reasoning from the specific to the general. from the bottom up
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deductive reasoning
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reasoning from the general to the specific
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decision making
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evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
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confirmation bias
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the tendency to search for and use information that supports, rather than refutes, our ideas
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hindsight bias
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the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome.
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availability heuristic
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a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events.
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mindfulness
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being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities
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open-mindedness
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being receptive to the possibility of other ways of looking at things
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creativity
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the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unconventional solutions to problems.
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divergent thinking
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thinking that produces many answers to the same question; characteristic of creativity.
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convergent thinking
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thinking that produces one correct answer; characteristic of the type of thinking required on traditional intelligence tests.
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expertise
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the quality of having a particular talent-that "something special"-for the things that one does in a particular domain
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intelligence
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problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences
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reliability
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the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance
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standardization
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developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms for the test
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mental age (MA)
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an individual's level of mental development relative to that of other's
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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an individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100
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normal distribution
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a symmetrical, bell shaped curve with a majority of the scored falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range
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culture-fair tests
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intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased.
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heritability
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the proportion of the IQ differences in a population that is attributed to genetic differences
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gifted
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descriptive of individuals who have an IQ of 130 or higher and/or superior talent in a particular area.
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mental retardation
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a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ, usually below 70, has difficulty adapting to everyday life, and has an onset of these characteristics in the so-called developmental period
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triarchic theory of intelligence
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Sternberg's theory that there are three main types of intelligence; analytical, creative and practical.
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language
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a form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols
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infinite generativity
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the ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules
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phonology
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a language's sounds system
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morphology
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a language's rules for word formation
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syntax
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a language's rules for the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
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semantics
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the meaning of words and sentences in a particular language
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whole-language approach
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an approach to learning to read that stresses that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning; so reading materials should be whole and meaningful.
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phonics approach
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an approach to learning to read the emphasizes basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
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cognitive appraisials
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individual's interpretation of the events in their lives as harmful, threatening, or challenging and their determination of whether they have the resources to cope effectively with the events.
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coping
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managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress
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problem-focused coping
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the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them.
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emotion-focused coping
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responding to the emotional aspects of stress rather than focusing on the problem causing the stress
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approach coping
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directly confronting a problem with active attempts to solve it
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avoidant coping
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coping with a problem by trying to ignore it.
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