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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
behavioral scripts
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aggressive scripts are more cognitively accessible (quickly come to mind)
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impact on emotional reactions
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decreased normal negative reactions to conflict and violence (become desensitized)
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social cognitive view of aggression
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Integrates social learning theory, scripts, developmental theories
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APA resolution ( concern with sexual violence)
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Most popular games depict women, girls, and ethnic minorities in exaggerated stereotypical ways
Reward sexualized aggression or shown as funny Link with increased violence towards women, rape myth beliefs |
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difference in violent video games vs. tv
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Practice, repetitions, and rewards for violence in games may be more conductive to increasing aggression
Participant may identify with a violent character while playing Rehearsing an entire behavioral sequence increases learning APA recommendations to entertainment industry: • Depict negative social consequences of violent behavior • Better rating systems • Fund research on social learning, sexism, negative depictions of minorities in video games |
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Jane McGonigal- “Reality is broken”
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World of Warcraft example- collaborative prob-solving
• Urgent optimism- tackle problems immediately with hope of success. Helping behavior in games. • Weaves a tight social fabric- trust in collaborators • Blissful productivity- hard at work in the game (average wow gamer plays 22 hours per week) happier • Epic meaning- resource-building during play. Wow wiki is 2nd largest, pool info with others. • Need to get gamers to believe they can change the actual world, not just virtual. |
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rape myth research
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Myths-
• Women initially resist, but later enjoy being overpowered, raped • Some women are asking for it….. Rape myth beliefs distort perceptions of how women actually respond to coercion Link with desensitization to violence- • Affects what is considered typical |
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donnersteins research
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Show 1 of 3 films
• Rape, erotic (but no violence), or violent (but not erotic) • Next, believe you’re administering ‘shock’ to confederate 1. After viewing rapemore likely to administer shock to female but no effect for aggression against male confed. 2. How rape is depicted is crucial • If rape myth scenemore aggressive and less sympathy |
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road rage
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o Aronson’s proposal for ‘apology signal’
Apologies defuse aggression and reduce escalation • Flag to indicate ‘oops, sorry’ In Poland, emergency lights are used this way |
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cyberbullying
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o Efforts to stop bullying in Norway that reduced it by 50%:
Combo of education and mild punishment • Community and teacher training • Intensive therapy with bully and counsel bully’s parents |
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bushman and eron study on tv violence
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Amount of violent TV viewing at 8-years old predicts aggressiveness and criminality as adults
But maybe other variables correlate with both |
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gerbners research
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Heavy viewing teaches mean world syndromethink violence is more common than it is
• Lower crime rates over last 20 years but most think its increased • Positive correlation between amount of TV viewed and fear of being a victim |
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happy violence
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many kids see___used as comedy, no consequences
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berkowitz theory on frustration aggression
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o If frustration is understandableno aggression, only irritation
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aggression triggers (pain)
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animals attack others after receiving shock
o Humans with hand in freezing water more willing to blast another person with unpleasant noise |
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aggression triggers (heat)
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positive link with aggression across cultures
o When hotter temp, MLB pitches more likely to hit batters |
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aggression triggers (crowding)
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feeling of not having enough space
o Heightens aggression and feelings of distress |
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schacter experiment
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injected subjects with adrenaline
Heart rate races, rapid breathing If told about side effectsfelt little emotion even when waiting with hostile person • Attributed arousal to the drug, not person Led to believe no side effectsangered with hostile person |
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andersons research on video games
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Compared undergrads with average amount of video game experience
1st played either Mortal Kombat or PGA Golf 2nd part of experiment with confederate and competition Results: • More likely to compete aggressively and punish competitor more after Mortal Kombat than PGA golf |
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short term increase in aggresive behavior
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due to:
• Slight provocation may be interpreted as hostile, imitate aggressive behavior • More positive beliefs about aggressive solutions |
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aggression
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- Physical or verbal behavior intended to harm
Differs from assertiveness (no intent) |
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emotional aggression
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goal to injure (hot aggression)
Premeditated murders |
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instrumental aggression
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used as means to an end (cool)
Tackling in football |
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Freud theory of aggression
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we are born with instinct toward life and equally powerful instinct toward death
o Aggression must come outor builds up and causes illness Society helps us find acceptable outlets for the aggressive energy • catharsis-release of aggression reduces this energy o Even watching others be aggressive should drain us |
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testerone affect on aggression
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(male sex hormone) also has influence
o Men are more violent than women across many cultures o Strong link among animals between test and aggression but weaker for humans |
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gender differences in aggression
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o No gender difference in feelings of anger
o Boys more overt (direct) aggression than girls But little difference indirect aggression • Excluding others |
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when are/arent gender differences
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o When provoked, almost no gender difference in aggression
But unclear situation--men more likely to interpret as aggression |
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Bobo doll experiment
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o Method: 1 group of kids saw a film with adult beating ‘Bobo’, control group saw nothing
Allowed to later play with toys (and Bobo) |
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bobo doll experiment results
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those who saw aggressive adult also attacked Bobo, those in control group didn’t
And attacked him in the same and novel ways (guns) o How is it social learning? Taught “scripts” for how to behave in situation |
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violence on tv
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o In U.S., TV is on an average of 7 hours a day
o 6-8 violent acts/hr in primetime, 20-30/hr sat morning cartoons |
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for punishment to work
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o Prompt- after the aggression
o Relatively strong- noticeable o Consistent- set up consistency (if x, then y) o Drawbacks: Potential for retaliation Social learning theory implies some punishment can model aggression (spanking) |
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baron's study
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include a response incompatible with anger to reduce aggression
o Study with confederate stopped in car at red light, waits for 15 sec after green light to go |
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what % of cars behind the confed will honk
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o 90% under normal conditions
o Other conditions and results Pedestrian crossing89% honk (no difference) On crutches (sympathy)57% Attractive and dressed provocatively52% |