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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the importance of social support? |
Combines emotion-focused and problem-focused coping. |
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type A personality |
competitive, driven, high sense of urgency, difficult to accept failure |
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What kind of illness is type A personality predisposed to? |
Heart Disease |
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type B personality |
even-tempered, laid back, work steadily, reflective and innovative |
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How does optimism affect the stress health relationship? |
They may be more likely to see potentially stressful situations as challenges rather than threats. People with terminal illnesses may see the beauty in the situation and may even live longer. Positive emotions may facilitate recovery from the psychological effects of negative emotions. |
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What does the direct effects hypothesis state about social support? |
It is beneficial to mental and physical health whether or not the person is under stress. |
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What does the buffering hypothesis state about social support? |
Works as a buffer only under certain conditions, such as a highly stressful life. |
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What is the social readjustment rating scale? |
Developed by Holmes and Rahe, the scale quantifies stress in terms of major life changes. The higher the value, the greater the stress associated with an event. |
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What is the hassles and uplifts scale? |
Measures the frequency and intensity of minor irritations (hassles) and positive events of daily life that may counteract their damaging effects. |
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Define Lazerous’ primary appraisal |
Quick assessment of the meaning of a given environmental event for the individual. |
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Define Lazerous’ Secondary Appraisal |
Self-assessment of the resources available to cope with stress. |
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What is general adaptation syndrome? |
A generalized, non-specific set of changes in the body that occur during extreme stress. |
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What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome? |
1. Alarm, 2. Resistance, 3. Exhaustion |
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Alarm stage |
Physiological shock, all of the body’s resources respond to a perceived threat |
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Resistance Stage |
Extended effort by the body to deal with a threat |
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Exhaustion Stage |
All resources for fighting the threat have been depleted and illness is more likely |
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What occurs in the body during the alarm stage? |
Mobilizes the body’s resources to act via the effects of adrenal medullary activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The HPA axis is active too, and the sustained release of cortisol from the adrenal glands may move from being helpful to being harmful in the long run. |
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Describe the Adrenal-medullary system pathway |
Stress - Hypothalamus - Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic) - Adrenal Medulla - Secretion of norepinephrine |
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norepinephrine |
A neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic response to stress; increased heart rate, increased respiration, raised blood pressure. |
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Describe the Hypothalamic Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Pathway |
Stress - Hypothalamus - Corticotropin Releasing Factor - Pituitary Gland - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone - Adrenal Cortex - Secretion of cortisol |
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cortisol |
The stress hormone, released by the adrenal gland to mobilize the body’s energy resources during stressful situations. Plays a role in the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy ensuring more glucose is available for fuel in the bloodstream. |
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Catecholamines |
Include norepinephrine and epinephrine. Chemicals released from the adrenal glands that function as hormones and as neurotransmitters to control ANS activation. |
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Glucocorticoids |
Steroid hormones released by the adrenal glands; responsible for maintaining the activation of bodily systems during prolonged stress. |
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What is problem-focused coping? |
Way of dealing with stress that aims to change the situation that is creating the stress. |
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What is the social support strategy? |
Combines problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies. |
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What is emotion-focused coping? |
Way of dealing with stress that aims to regulate the experience of distress. |
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Informational Social Influence |
Conformity to the behaviour of others because one views them as a source of knowledge about what one is supposed to do. |
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Normative Social Influence |
Conformity to the behaviour of others in order to be accepted by them. |
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Social Facilitation |
Phenomenon in which the presence of others improves performance on easy tasks, or worsens performance on difficult tasks. |
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Social Loafing |
Occurs when the presence of others causes individuals to relax their standards and slack off. |
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Self-serving bias |
The tendency to make situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes. |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
The tendency to explain others’ behaviour in dispositional rather than in situational terms. |
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Groupthink |
Situation in which the thinking of the group takes over, so much that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision. Proposed by Irving Janis. |
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Obedience |
A type of conformity in which a person yields to the will of another person. |
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Conformity |
Tendency of people to adjust their behaviour to what others are doing or to adhere to the norms of their culture. |
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What did Milgrams obedience research show? |
How powerful situations can make reasonable people do things that seem cruel and unusual. |
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Attributions |
Inferences made about the causes of other people’s behavior. |
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Internal/Dispositional Attributions |
Ascribe other people’s behaviour to something within them, such as their personality, motives, or attitudes. |
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External/Situational Attributions |
When people think that something outside the person, such as the nature of the situation, is the cause of his or her behaviour. |
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Cognitive Dissonance |
The feeling of discomfort caused by information that is different from a person’s conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person. |
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Out-group homogeneity |
The tendency to see all members of an out-group as the same. |
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Attitude |
An individual’s favourable or unfavourable beliefs, feelings, or actions toward an object, idea, or person. |
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Stereotypes |
Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on groups to which they belong. |
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Discrimination |
Negative behaviour towards another based upon that individual’s group membership and is usually the result of prejudicial attitudes. |
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Prejudice |
A biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on generalizations about what members of that group are like. |
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Hostile Aggression |
When aggression stems from feelings of anger. |
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Instrumental Aggression |
When aggression is a means to achieve some goal. |
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Bystander effect |
Phenomenon in which the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help. |
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Diffusion of Responsibility |
When there are many people around, an individual’s responsibility to act seems decreased. |
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Altruism |
Selfless attitudes and behaviour toward others. |
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Reciprocal Altruism |
The act of helping others in the hope that they will help us in the future. |
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Empathy-altruism Hypothesis |
The idea that people help others selflessly only when they feel empathy for them. |
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Compliance |
a change in behavior that is requested by another person or group |
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Extroversion |
sociable, talkative, active, outgoing, confident |
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Openness |
interested in new ideas, imaginative, original, curious |
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Conscientiousness |
planned, organized, orderly, hard-working, punctual, ambitious |
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Agreeableness |
friendly, warm, trusting, generous, good-natured |
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Neuroticism |
anxious, worrying, tense, emotional, high strung |
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Projective Tests |
personality assessments in which the participant is presented with a vague stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what they see |
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Unconditional positive regard |
acceptance of another person regardless of his or her behaviour |
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Conditional positive regard |
to love someone only when they do things that we want or like |
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Repression |
keeping unpleasant thoughts, feelings or impulses out of consciousness |
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Sublimation |
a socially unacceptable impulse is expressed in a socially acceptable way |
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Reaction Formation |
turns a unpleasant idea, feeling or impulse into it's opposite |
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Projection |
people deny particular ideas, feelings or impulses and project them onto others |
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Inferiority complex |
an unhealthy need to dominate or upstage others as a way of compensating for feelings of deficiency |
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Basic hostility |
anger or rage that originates in childhood and stems from fear of being neglected or rejected by one's parents |
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Basic anxiety |
feelings of being isolated and helpless in a world conceived as potentially hostile |
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Neurotic defences - moving towards others |
Compliant personality, clingy, belittling oneself, repressing feelings of anger and hostility |
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Neurotic defences - moving against others |
aggressive personality - competing at almost everything, puffing oneself up in an obvious and public manner |
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Neurotic defences - moving away from others |
detached personality - not responding emotionally, not caring, unwilling to make commitments
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humanistic perspective |
optimistic about human nature, believing that humans are naturally interested in realizing their full potential |
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Positive psychology |
focuses on the empirical study of such things as positive emotions, strengths-based character and healthy institutions |
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Reciprocal determinism |
the process by which personal factors, behavior and the environment all interact with one another to shape an individuals personality |
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Self efficacy |
peoples belief about their ability to perform the behaviors needed to achieve desired outcomes |
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Inter-rater reliability |
Measureof how much agreement there is in ratings when using two or more raters orcoders to rate personalities or other behaviors |
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Behavior Observations |
Ad - direct and relatively objective Dis - costly and time-consuming |
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Interviewing |
Ad - open-ended questions, natural and comfortable Dis - difficulty of scoring responses reliably |
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Questionnaires |
Self-report instruments thatindicate the extent to which a person agrees or disagrees with a series ofstatements |
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Rational (face valid) method |
Involvesusing reason or theory to come up with a question |
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Empirical method |
Focuseson questions that characterize the group the questionnaire is intended todistinguish |
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Unconscious |
level of consciousness containing all drives, urges and instincts that are outside awareness but nonetheless motivate most behavior |
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Id |
Freuds term for the seat of impulse and desire; the pleasure seeking part of our personality |
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Superego |
Freuds term for the part of the mind that moniters behavior and evaluates it in terms of right and wrong; the conscience |
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ego |
Freuds term for the sense of self; the part of the mind that operates on the "reality principle" |
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Conscious |
what we are aware of at any given time |
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Preconscious |
below the surface of awareness, not currently conscious but can become so relatively easy |
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Psychosexual stage theory |
Freuds stages of personality development; in different stages a different region of the body is most erogeneous |
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Fixation |
a defence mechanism whereby a person continues to be concerned and even preoccupied with earlier stages of development |
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Oral fixation |
may result in smoking and sarcasm in adulthood |
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anal fixation |
may result in obsessive compulsive cleaning disorders |
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Kin selection |
Evolutionary favouring of genes that prompts individuals to help their relatives or kin |
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Social exchange theory |
We help when the benefits to ourselves outweigh costs |
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What are the 3 main parts of sternbergs love triangle? |
Intimacy, passion and commitment. |
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Infatuation |
Intimacy + Commitment |
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Consummate Love |
Passion + Intimacy + Commitment |
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Romantic Love |
Intimacy + Passion |
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Companionate Love |
Intimacy + Commitment |
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Factors that increase liking or attraction |
Mere exposure - Repeated exposure to an object, idea, or person causes you to like it moreSimilarity - Strong predictor of attraction to friends and matesReciprocal liking - We like those who like us |
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Secure Attachment |
Satisfying relationships, comfortable with intimacy. Positive self-image, positive image of others. |
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Dismissing Attachment |
Dismissing of intimacy, high self-confidence, low self-disclosure. Negative image of others, positive self-image. |
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Preoccupied Attachment |
High reliance upon others, high emotional expressiveness, low self confidence. Negative self-image, positive image of others. |
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Fearful Attachment |
Fearful of intimacy, low self-confidence and disclosure. Negative self-image, negative image of others. |