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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the goal of the correlationalresearch strategy? |
-To establish that a relationship exists betweenvariables and to describe the nature of therelationship. -Without attempting to manipulate, control, orinterfere with the variables |
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What is correlational research? |
Intended to demonstrate the existence of arelationship between two variables -Not Cause and effect! |
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What is experimental research? |
Demonstrates a cause-and effect relationshipbetween two variables |
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What is differential research? |
Involves two groups of scores and focuses on the difference between groups -Not cause and effect |
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What is a positive relationship? |
-two variables change in the same direction -As one variable increases the other variable increases |
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What is a negative relationship? |
two variables change in opposite directions -Increases in one variable matches with decreases in the other variable |
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What is a linear relationship? |
the data points in the scatter plot tend to cluster around a straight line |
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What is a positive linear relationship? |
each time the X variable increases by 1 point, the Y variable increases in a consistently predictable amount |
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What does reliability evaluate? |
-the consistency or stability of the measurements |
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What does validity evaluate? |
the extent to which the measurement procedure actually measures what it claims to be measuring |
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What are some strengths of the Correlational Research Strategy? |
–Describes relationships between variables–Non intrusive—natural behaviors –High external validity |
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What are some weaknesses of the Correlational Research Strategy? |
–Cannot assess causality –Third-variable problem –Directional problem –Low internal validity |
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What is a Pearson Correlation? |
describes and measures linear relationships when both variables are numerical scores from interval or ratio scales |
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What is a Spearman Correlation? |
used to measure and describe monotonic relationships when both variables are ranks from an ordinal score or have been transformed to ranks |
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What is monotonic relationship? |
A relationship that is consistently one
directional, either consistently positive or consistently negative |
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Criterion Variable |
The second variable being explained |
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A researcher knows that there is a relationship between obesity andwatching television for young children. However, it is not known whetherchildren watch more TV because they are overweight, or whether they areoverweight because they watch so much TV. This is an example of thethird-variable problem. T/F |
False - Directional |
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In a correlational study, commonly what is measured? |
two variables are measured |
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A college professor reports that students who finish exams early tend toget better grades than students who hold on to exams until the last possiblemoment. The correlation between exam score and amount of time spent on the examis an example of a |
negative correlation |
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Which statement identifies a potential problem with Internet surveys? a. They tend to be costly and inefficient. b. It can be difficult to find a group of participants who share a specific interest. c. They limit flexibility in presenting questions and response alternatives. d. It can be difficult to control or even know the composition of the sample. |
d. It can be difficult to control or even know the composition of the sample. |
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When researchers use behavioral observation techniques to measure behaviors in movies, what is the measurement process called? |
content analysis |
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What is a problem with surveys administered by mail? a. A mailed survey can be inconvenient for participants. b. You cannot maintain participant confidentiality. c. A mailed survey can be threatening to participants. d. You do not know exactly who completed the survey. |
d. You do not know exactly who completed the survey. |
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What is a limitation of survey research? a. It only can be used to measure attitudes and opinions. b. It cannot be used to measure specific behaviors. c. The results are often difficult to evaluate. d. The results are limited by the truthfulness of the participants. |
d. The results are limited by the truthfulness of the participants.
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What is the purpose for using habituation in an observational research study? |
It helps ensure that the people being observed are not influenced by the presence of an observer. |
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A researcher who wanted to observe behaviors in a private social club would probably need to use ____. |
Participant observation |
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The case study design can be used to establish causal relationships between variables. True or False |
False |
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What type of question typically produces a numerical score for each participant? |
rating scale |
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Which type of question is a Likert-type question? |
rating scale |
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The general goal of a research study using the descriptive research strategy is to |
describe a variable or variables as they exist naturally |
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In an observational study of children in a daycare center, you alternate one minute of observation with one minute of recording behavior. This is an example of ____ sampling. |
Time |
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Recording how many hours a week your roommate spends studying involves using the ____ method, while simply recording whether or not your roommate studies in a week involves using the ____ method. a. interval; duration b. duration; interval c. interval; frequency d. frequency; duration |
duration; interval |
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What is an advantage to administering a survey over the Internet? a. none of the options are advantages b. 100% response rate c. survey can be individualized based on responses d. risk of interviewer bias |
c. survey can be individualized based on responses |
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During a study using the behavioral research strategy, it is common to have two observers record behavior simultaneously. What is the purpose for this procedure? a. It helps ensure that the behaviors are not influenced by the presence of an observer. b. It provides an operational definition for the variables being measured. c. It is used to ensure the objectivity of the measurements. d. It is used to evaluate the reliability of the measurements. |
d. It is used to evaluate the reliability of the measurements. |
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A researcher who brings dating couples into the laboratory to be observed while they are solving a problem is most likely using |
contrived observation |
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The study of the brain surgery patient HM, who lost the ability to store new memories, is an example of ____. |
case study research |
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Essay questions on an exam are examples of ____ items. |
open-ended |
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On a questionnaire, Dr. Ondirk asks participants to answer the following questions? “What do you think about the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes?” This is an example of a(n) ____ question. |
Open-ended |
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When researchers apply behavioral observation techniques to historical records in order to measure behaviors that occurred in the past, the measurement process is called |
archival research |
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What is the goal of Descriptive research? |
To describe a single variable or to describeeach individual when several are involved Measures a variable or set of variables asthey exist naturally Not concerned with relationships betweenvariables– Results help capture |
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What are three techniques used to quantify behavioral observations? |
–Frequency method •Counting instances of each specific behavior–Duration method •Fixed-time observation –Interval method •Dividing observation period into a series of intervals and |
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What are three techniques used for sampling observations? |
•Time sampling •Event sampling •Individual sampling |
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What are 3 types of observations? |
•Naturalistic observation •Participant observation •Contrived observation |
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What are some types of survey questions? |
•Open-ended questions •Restricted questions •Rating-scale questions |
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What does content analysis measure? |
–Measures the occurrence of specific events in literature, movies, television programs, or similar media presenting replicas of behaviors |
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Archival research |
–Measures behaviors or events that occurred in the past |
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What is Naturalistic observation? |
–No researcher intervention |
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What is Participant observation? |
–Researcher interacts with participants and becomes one of them |
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What is Contrived observation? |
–Researcher sets up a situation likely to produce the desired behavior in participants |
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A research study that uses a survey |
–Obtains a description of a particular group of individuals |
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What are Open-ended questions? |
–Introduce a topic and allow participants to respond in their own words |
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What are Restricted questions? |
–Present a limited number of response alternatives |
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What are Rating-scale questions? |
–Require selection of a numerical value on a predetermined scale |
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Guidelines for constructing a survery? |
•Demographic questions •Sensitive questions •Group questions with same topic •Format should be relatively simple •Vocabulary and language style should be easy to understand |
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What are some criteria for a survery for selecting Relevant and Representative Individuals? |
•Select survey participants to whom the questions are relevant •Survey participants must not be too restricted•Make an effort to select individuals who accurately represent the group •May need to consult professional help–Preparing surveys and identifying participants |
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What is a case study? |
In-depth study and detailed description of a single individual (or a very small group –May involve an intervention or treatment administered by the researcher |
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what are ways to administer a survey? |
•Internet surveys •Mail surveys •Telephone surveys •In-person surveys and interviews |
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Strengths of Internet survey |
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Weaknesses of Internet survey |
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Strengths of mail survey |
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weaknesses of mail survey |
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strengths of telephone survey |
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weaknesses of telephone survey |
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strengths of in person survey |
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weaknesses of in person survey |
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The selection of a research strategy is usuallydetermined by what? |
The kind of question you plan to address and whatyou hope to accomplish |
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What is external validity ? |
–The extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized |
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What is A threat to external validity? |
–Any characteristic of a study that limits the |
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What are three different kinds of generalization, each of which can involve threats to external validity? |
–Generalization from a sample to the general population –Generalization from one research study to another –Generalization from a research study to a real-world situation |
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What is internal validity? |
Concerned with factors in the research study that raise doubts or questions about the interpretation of the results |
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A research study with internal validity |
–Produces a single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship between two variables |
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What is a Threat to internal validity? |
Any factor that allows an alternative explanation for the results |
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Experiments allow researchers to ____.Selected a. observe naturally occurring behavior b. answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables c. answer questions about the existence of a relationship between two variables d. eliminate experimenter bias |
b. answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables |
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Sensitization can threaten external validity because the results obtained in a study may be limited to ____. a. participants who take on a variety of subject roles b. individuals who have experienced a pretest c. individuals who have experienced a series of conditions d. the unique circumstances of the research study |
b. individuals who have experienced a pretest |
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A research study finds that a group of participants who received relaxation training had lower exam anxiety scores than a group who did not receive training. However, the researcher suspects that the difference between groups may be caused by the fact that the participants in one group are generally smarter than those in the other. This study has a problem with ____. a. external validity b. experimental validity c. correlational validity d. internal validity |
d. internal validity |
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A researcher designs a study to determine whether teaching style affects third grader’s motivation to succeed in math. One teacher, with one style, teaches math to one class of children. Another teacher, with a different style, teaches math to a different class of children. The researcher finds that the children in the first class are more motivated to succeed in math. These differences in motivation can be explained by ____. a. time of day b. dislike of math c. room color d. teaching styles and teachers |
d. teaching styles and teachers |
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Any factor that limits the ability to generalize the results of the study is a threat to ____. a. external validity b. accuracy c. internal validity d. reliability |
a. external validity |
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The results of a study may be influenced by the experimenter’s expectations regarding the outcome of the study. This artifact is known as ____. a. experimenter bias b. reactivity c. volunteerism d. novelty |
a. experimenter bias |
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Which question is best addressed with the experimental strategy? a. Does decreasing the number of text messages that can be sent by adolescents cause an increase in number of pages read for leisure? b. Is there a relationship between the number of text messages that adolescents send each month and the number of pages of leisure reading done by adolescents? c. What is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month? d. Do teenagers who text less get better grades? |
a. Does decreasing the number of text messages that can be sent by adolescents cause an increase in number of pages read for leisure? |
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Which research strategy is least concerned with examining relationships between variables?Selected: a. correlational b. quasi-experimental c. experimental d. descriptive |
d. descriptive |
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Which question is best addressed with the correlational strategy? a. Does decreasing the number of text messages sent by adolescents cause an increase in number of pages read for leisure? b. What is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends in a month? c. Will restricting access to portable devices increase the number of pages read for leisure? d. Is there a relationship between the number of text messages that adolescents send each month and the number of pages of leisure reading done by adolescents? |
d. Is there a relationship between the number of text messages that adolescents send each month and the number of pages of leisure reading done by adolescents? |
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Experiments allow researchers to |
answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables |
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A study examining the relationship between humor and memory compares memory performance scores for one group presented with humorous sentences and a second group presented with nonhumorous sentences. The participants in both groups consist of a mixture of males and females. In this study, gender (male/female) is best characterized as a(n) ____ variable. a. confounding b. dependent c. extraneous d. independent |
c. extraneousAnswers: |
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If individuals are pressured into participating in research because the researcher is in a position of power or authority, then which ethical principle is being compromised? a. anonymity b. informed consent c. confidentiality d. no harm |
b. informed consentAnswers: |
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Fraud involves ____. a. errors made while collecting data b. making up data to fit the hypothesis c. accidentally misdating a document d. making a mistake when conducting statistical analyses |
b. making up data to fit the hypothesis |
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A snack food company is developing a new flavor for crackers and asks customers to text their preference between two possibilities. What kind of sampling is being used? a. quota b. non-quota c. nonprobability d. probability |
c. nonprobability |
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A researcher would like to select a sample of 50 people so that five different age groups are equally represented in the sample. Assuming that the researcher does not know the entire list of people in the population, which sampling technique should be used? a. proportionate stratified random sampling b. cluster sampling c. quota sampling d. stratified random sampling |
c. quota samplingAnswers |
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How does convenience sampling compare to probability sampling? : a. Convenience sampling is more expensive. b. Convenience sampling is a more complex process. c. Convenience sampling is a faster process. d. Convenience sampling minimizes the risk of bias. |
c. Convenience sampling is a faster process.Answers |
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A cluster sample usually does not qualify as a true random sample because ____. a. replacement is typically included in the sampling procedure b. the selections are not independent of each other c. the individuals within each group are usually not independent d. the specific groups selected are not selected by a random process |
c. the individuals within each group are usually not independent |
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Simple random sampling is least likely to ____. a. guarantee that the sample will be representative and unbiased b. ensure that each individual has an equal chance of selection c. guarantee that every individual in the population has a chance of being selected d. remove all bias and discrimination from the selection process |
a. guarantee that the sample will be representative and unbiased |
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One responsibility of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to ensure that ____. a. human participants will be kept safe in research b. human participants will not be deceived in research c. nonhuman subjects will be kept safe in research d. research reports are honest and accurate |
a. human participants will be kept safe in research |
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Milgram’s obedience study is ethically questionable because the ____. a. participants were potentially psychologically harmed b. participants were compensated with an exorbitant fee c. shocks posed a threat of real physical harm d. participants’ confidentiality was not protected |
a. participants were potentially psychologically harmedAnswers: |
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If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants are unlikely to understand, then the researcher has violated the intent of ____. a. informed consent b. anonymity c. preventing harm d. confidentiality |
a. informed consent |
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A researcher recruits a sample of 25 preschool children for a research study by posting an announcement in a local daycare center describing the study and offering a $10 payment for participation. What kind of sampling is the researcher using? a. simple random sampling b. quota sampling c. convenience sampling d. cluster sampling |
c. convenience sampling |
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One way to detect fraud in research is to ____. a. replicate the study b. verify all the citations in the study c. look for a ceiling effect d. look for a floor effect |
a. replicate the study |
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Deception is in direct contradiction with which element of the ethical guidelines? a. confidentiality b. informed consent c. no harm d. anonymity |
b. informed consent |
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A professor teaching an introductory psychology class of 200 obtains a sample of 25 students by selecting every eighth name from the class list. The professor is using ____ sampling. a. convenience b. systematic c. proportionate stratified random d. simple random |
b. systematic |
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One criticism of a stratified random sample is that ____. a. it often prevents the use of more powerful statistical analyses b. the sample may not be representative of the population c. some segments of the population will not be represented in the sample d. it is not based on a random selection process |
b. the sample may not be representative of the population |
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The technique of quota sampling is most similar to ____ sampling. a. systematic b. stratified random c. cluster d. simple random |
b. stratified random |
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According to the principle of clinical equipoise, it is unacceptable to conduct a study comparing two treatments when ____. a. one treatment is known to be more effective than the other b. experts disagree about the effectiveness of the treatments c. the treatments are known to be equally effective d. there is no information about the effectiveness of either treatment |
a. one treatment is known to be more effective than the other |
