Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Memory
|
The ability to encode, store, and retrieve information over time
--Memories are constructed, not recorded |
|
Encoding
|
The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
|
|
Elaborative encoding
|
Actively relating new information to pre-existing knowledge
-----Structural -----Phonemic -----Semantic -----Self-referential |
|
Visual imagery encoding
|
-Storing new information as mental images
-Difficult for “non-visual” items -Involves verbal and visual placeholders ----Activates left/frontal and occipital lobes |
|
Organizational encoding
|
-Categorizing new information by identifying relationships among items
-e.g., hierarchical organization ----Outlines, flowcharts |
|
Memory storage
|
The process of maintaining information in memory over time
|
|
Sensory storage
|
-Sensory information for a few seconds (or less)
--Iconic memory (visual info) --Echoic memory (auditory info) |
|
Short-term storage
|
-Nonsensory information kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
-Also limited in quantity of info: 7(+-2) units at a time |
|
Rehearsal
|
Keeping information in short-term storage through repetition
|
|
Chunking
|
-Combining small pieces of info into clusters
--ROY G. BIV, HOMES (great lakes) --CNNABCCBSNBCCIAFBI |
|
Working memory
|
-Active maintenance of information in short-term storage
-Thinking ahead in chess, doing math in your head |
|
Long-term storage has no known capacity (limitless!)
|
-Long-term potentiation
--Enhanced neural processing as a result of strengthening synaptic --Consistently used pathways become stronger ----Remembering & Misremembering classmates |
|
Retrograde amnesia
|
The inability to retrieve information acquired before a particular time/event
|
|
Anterograde amnesia
|
The inability to transfer new information from short-term to long-term storage
|
|
Retrieval
|
All information in long-term storage is not always accessible
|
|
Retrieval cues
|
Details associated with stored information that helps bring it back to mind
|
|
Encoding specificity principle
|
Retrieval is facilitated in environmental contexts similar to when info was encoded
|
|
State dependent retrieval
|
-Retrieval is facilitated when in the same internal state as when info was encoded
-e.g., mood congruent memory |
|
Explicit Memory
|
Consciously & intentionally retrieving information
-Semantic memory --Facts & general knowledge |
|
Episodic memory
|
Personally experiences events
|
|
Implicit Memory
|
The “unconscious” influence of past experiences on later behavior
-Without intention or awareness |
|
Procedural memory
|
-The gradual acquisition of behavioral skills as a result of practice or learning
-Involves activation of the motor cortex |
|
Priming
|
-The automatic influence of recent information leading to biased retrieval
-Faster recognition of previously seen stimuli ---Despite less brain activation -Prime-congruent information is more accessible |
|
Transience
|
-Forgetting information with the passage of time
--After encoding and storage, but before retrieval -Loss of info levels off after 9 hours -Quantity of information degrades with time --From specific to general |
|
Retroactive interference
|
-Later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier
--Learning Spanish after having learned French disrupts memory of French |
|
Proactive interference
|
-Earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later
--It’s hard to remember my new bank account # because I already memorized my old number |
|
Absentmindedness
|
-A lapse in attention that results in forgetting
-Prospective memory --Remembering to do things in the future |
|
Blocking
|
-Failure to retrieve information known to be available in memory
--Tip of the tongue phenomenon -A retrieval cue is necessary |
|
Memory misattribution
|
-Assigning memory information to the wrong source
-Failure to remember the source of a memory may lead to Déjà vu experiences |
|
Suggestibility
|
-The tendency to incorporate misleading information into personal recollections
-How fast were the cars going when they _____? --- -contacted (29) -hit (35) -smashed (40) -Visualization can lead to false memories |
|
Bias
|
The distorting influence of present, knowledge, beliefs & feelings on recollection of past experiences
|
|
Consistency bias
|
Reconstructing the past to reflect the present
|
|
Change bias
|
Exaggerating differences between past and present
|
|
Egocentric bias
|
Self-flattering inaccuracy
|
|
Persistence
|
-The intrusive recollection of events we wish to forget
-Amygdala activated for emotional memories |
|
Flashbulb memories
|
Detailed recollections of when & where we heard about shocking events
|