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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Development
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A process of age-related changes across the lifespan.
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Early childhood
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The first phase of childhood, lasting from age 3 through kindergarten, or about age 5.
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Middle childhood
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The second phase of childhood, coverying the elementary school years, from about 6 to 11.
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Theory
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A theory is a perspective that explains why people act the way they do... allow us to predict behavior and also suggest how to intervene to improve behavior.
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Frontal Lobes
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The area at the uppermost front of the brain, responsible for reasoning and planning our actions
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Gross motor skills
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Physical abilities that involve large muscle movements, such as running and jumping
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Fine motor skills
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Physical abilities that involve small, coordinated movements, such as drawing and writing one's name
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Body mass index (BMI)
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The ratio of weight to heigh; the main indicator of overweight or underweight
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Childhood obesity
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A body mass index at or above the 95th percentile compared to the U.s> norms established for children in the 1970s
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Preoperational thinking
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In Piaget's theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 2 to 7, marked by an inability to step back from one's immediate perceptions and think conceptually
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Concrete operational thinking
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In Piaget's framework, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 8 to 11, marked by the ability to reason about the world in a more logical way
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Conservation tasks
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Piagetian tasks that involve changing the shape of a substance to see whether children can go beyond the way that substance visually appears to understand that the amount is still the same
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Reversability
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In Piaget's conservation tasks, the concrete operational child's knowledge that a specific change in the way a given substance looks can be reversed
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Centering
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In Piaget's conservation tasks, the preoperational child's tendency to fix on the most visually striking feature of a substance and not take other dimensions into account
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Decentering
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In Piaget's conservation tasks, the concrete operational child's ability to look at several dimensions of an object or substance.
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Class inclusion
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The understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements.
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Seriation
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The ability to put objects in order according to some principle, such as size
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Identity constancy
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In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's inability to grasp that a person's core "self" stays the same despite changes in external appearance
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Animism
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In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's belief that inanimate objects are alive
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Artificialism
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In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's belief that human beings make everything in nature
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Egocentrism
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In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's inability to understand that other people have different points of view from their own
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Zone of proximal development
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In Vygotsky's theory, the gap between a child's ability to solve a problem totally on his own and his potential knowledge if taught by a more accomplished person
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Scaffolding
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The process of teaching new skills by entering a child's zone of proximal development and tailoring one's efforts to that person's competence level
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Information-processing theory
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A perspective on cognition in which the process of thinking is divided into steps, components or stages much like those a computer operates
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Working memory
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In information-processing theory, the limited-capacity gateway system, containing all the material that we can keep in awareness at a single time. The material in this system is either processed for more permanent storage or lost.
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Executive functions
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Any frontal-lobe ability that allows us to inhibit our responses and to plan and direct our thinking
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Rehearsal
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A learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in memory
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Selective attention
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A learning strategy in which people manage their awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information
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ADHD
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The most common childhood learning disorder in the US, disproportionately affecting boys, characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility at and at school
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Overextension
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An error in early development in which young children apply verbal labels too broadly
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Underextension
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An error in early language development in which young children apply verbal too narrowly
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Theory of mind
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Children's first cognitive understanding, which appears at about age 4, that other people different beliefs and perspectives from their own.
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Emotion regulation
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The capacity to manage one's emotional state
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Externalizing tendencies
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A personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggresively
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Internalizing tendencies
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A personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression
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Self-awareness
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The ability to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state.
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Cephalocaudal principle
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Growth and motor control starts from the head
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Corpus Callosum
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Band connecting two brain hemispheres; grows and myelinates rapidly between 2-6
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Synaptogenesis
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Generation of neural pathways; continues through early childhood
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Synaptic pruning
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Removal of unused neural pathways; starts at around 2 continues through childhood.
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Theory of Mind
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Understanding that other people have different beliefs and perspectives than their own. Emerges at around 4 years and some elements emerge sooner
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Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
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Three common forms: Autism, Aspenger syndrome, and Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. All marked by: social impairment (lack of theory of mind), Stereotyped and repetitive behaviors, and language/communication deficits
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Industry vs. Inferiority
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Erikson's term for the psychosocial task of middle childhood, involving the capacity to work for one's goals
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Prosocial behavior
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Sharing, helping, and caring actions
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Altruism
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Prosocial behaviors that we carry out for selfless, non-egocentric reasons
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Instrumental aggression
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A hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal
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Reactive aggression
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A hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt
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Relational aggression
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A hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships
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Hostile attributional bias
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The tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign
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Gender-segregated play
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Play in which boys and girls associate only with members of their own sex - typical of childhood
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Gender schema theory
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An explanation for gender-stereotyped behavior that emphasizes the role of cognitions; specifically the idea that once children know their own gender label, they selectively watch and model their own sex.
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Bullying
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A situation in which one or more children (or adults) harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse
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