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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning Defined
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Any relative permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience
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Conditioning
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a kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and responses
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Classical Conditioning
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-The organism learns to associate two stimuli together
-One produces a response that originally was only produced by the other -Classic example of dog/bell and salivation |
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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Elicits the unconditional response (food)
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
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Response which is automatically produced (salivate)
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Conditional Stimulus (CS)
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Originally neutral stimulus that elicits a behavior after being paired with a US (bell)
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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Response elicited by the conditioned stimulus (salivate to bell)
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Extinction
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repeat the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus over time and the conditioned response will disappear
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Spontaneous Recovery
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after a response has been extinguished it may spontaneously reappear after the passage of time with exposure to the conditioned stimulus
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Higher Order Conditioning
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pairing a neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus will create another conditioned stimulus, although a weaker conditioned response. This process is more likely to show extinction. (Food with bell, bell with light)
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Stimulus generalization
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After a stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus for some response, other, similar stimuli may produce the same reaction. [Cat running to an electric drill, thinking it’s the can opener that usually provides food]
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Stimulus discrimination
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one learns to realize the differences between similar stimuli. [Fire alarm compared with alarm clock; similar stimuli yet you react differently]
Paired association: ugly person with shampoo and becoming pretty; “shampoo makes you pretty.” |
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Garcia effect
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one really bad experience can cause an intense learning situation you remember for your whole life. Schreier got really sick from red wine when she was a kid, and she still thinks it’s gross even though that experience got no reinforcement over the years.
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Operant Conditioning/Instrumental Learning
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Behavior is dependent on its consequences
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Law of Effect
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a satisfying result strengthens a behavior.
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B.F. Skinner
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all behavior is explained by looking outside the individual. People (and animals) tend to repeat behaviors which have positive consequences; decrease behaviors which have negative consequences.
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Neutral Consequence
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Not more or less likely to see behavior patterns change
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Reinforcement
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anything which will make a response more likely to occur
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Punishment
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anything which will make a response less likely to occur
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Primary reinforcers
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satisfy biological needs like food, water and sex
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Secondary reinforcers
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satisfy through association with primary reinforcers: money, praise, grades
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Punishments
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are inherently unpleasant and decrease the likelihood of a response
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Positive punishment
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something unpleasant occurs (spanked, mouth washed out with soap)
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Negative punishment
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something pleasant is removed (no TV, no dessert)
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Continuous Learning schedules
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Reward/punishment occurs each time the behavior occurs
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Intermittent/Partial Learning schedules
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Reward/punishment occurs when a response occurs only some of the time
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Ratio schedules
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deliver reinforcements after a certain fixed number of responses
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Fixed ratio schedules
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reinforcement after a fixed number of responses (every 4x)
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Variable ratio schedules
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reinforcement after some average number of responses, but the number changes (on average 7)
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Interval schedules
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deliver reinforcement after a certain amount of time has passed and the desired behavior has occurred
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Fixed interval
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reinforcement occurs only after a fixed amount of time has passed since the past reinforcer (5 minutes)
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Variable interval
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Reinforcement occurs only if a variable amount of time has passed since the previous reinforcer (on average 5 minutes, could be 3 or 7 minutes)
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Shaping
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A technique used which reinforces behavioral tendencies in a desired direction. Uses successive approximation—reinforcing responses that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
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Observational Learning
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believe there is higher level cognitive process to how we learn, impacts attitudes, beliefs and expectations (Children learn and then imitate behaviors, television violence.) Pro social behavior can also be learned through modeling. Lessons from Lassie Study
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Latent Learning
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We develop cognitive schemas or maps which are used only when the situation warrants (Tolman and his rats).
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