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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Trait Theory: Describe main principles, main figures, strengths, and weaknesses. |
Our traits determine our personality; Costa and McCrae; measures traits objectively, shows their long-term stability, and predicts long-term, aggregated behaviours; ignores situational facotrs that may have an effect on behaviour and there is low correlation among different behaviours assumed to reflect the same trait. |
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Behaviouralist Theory: Describe main principles, main figures, strengths, and weaknesses. |
Differences in our personalities stem largely from differences in our learning history, meaning they are acquired by classical and operant conditioning, personality is under the control of our environment; Skinner and Watson; stresses common learning principle and considers social variables; ignores biological factors and more descriptive. |
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Social learning theory: Describe main principles, main figures, strengths, and weaknesses. |
emphasize thinking as a cause of behaviour, we experience conditioning by thinking about it. Based on reciprocal determinism and observational learning; Bandura and Mischel; same strengths and weaknesses as behaviouralist theories. |
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Psychodynamic theory: Describe main principles, main figures, strengths, and weaknesses. |
3 core beliefs: psychic determinism, symbolic meaning, and unconscious motivation. Unconscious psychic conflict, repression of anxiety provoking ideas; Freud, Jung; had the idea that behaviour is influenced by outside forces; not falsifiable. |
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Humanistic theory: Describe main principles, main figures, strengths, and weaknesses. |
Stresses the positive aspects of human nature and how to become a better person; Maslow, Rogers; useful for therapy; not falsifiable and descriptive. |
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What is personality? What are traits? |
P: people's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving - relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behaviour. T: predispositions, like introversion, aggressiveness, and conscientiousness. |
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What is the nomothetic approach? Idiographic? |
Understands personality by identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals. |
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Discuss the studies done on twins reared together vs apart and on adopted children. |
numerous traits are influenced by genetic factors but not completely, shows evidence for nonshared environment having an effect. |
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What are the three agencies of the human psyche? |
Id: primitive, unconscious drives, pleasure principle, driving force for behaviour. |
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What are defense mechanisms? Provide some examples? |
unconscious manuevers intended to minimize anxiety. |
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What are Freud's stages of development? |
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital. |
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What are the Oedipus and Electra complexes? |
O: son loves mother, E: daughter loves father. |
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What is the internal locus of control? What is the external locus of control? |
Internal: individual has control. External: outside forces. |
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What are the big five personality traits? |
OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. |
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What are objective personality tests? Provide an example. |
Pencil and paper tests, easy to administer and score, collect a lot of data from many people at one time. Ex: MMPI: 567 items, ten scales, allows to detect malingering, response sets. NEO Personality Inventory: measures the big five.
MBTI: widely used, loosely based on Carl Jung's theory. |
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What are projective personality tests? Provide an example. |
Interpreting ambiguous stimuli. Ex; Rorschach inkblot test, TAT(Tell a Tale), Human figure drawings, anatomically detailed dolls, and graphology. |
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What is the difference between the Rorschach inkblock test and the TAT? |
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What is the P.T. Barnum effect? |
the tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate. |
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What is the criteria for mental disorders? |
Statistical rarity, subjective stress, impairment, societal disapproval, and biological dysfunction.
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What is the DSM? What are some criticisms? |
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 18 classes of disorders and a list of diagnostic criteria for each one. Problems: categorical model, comorbidity, may also medicalize normality.
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What is moral treatment? |
approach calling for dignity, kindness, and respect.
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What were some ways of dealing with mental disorders before the 15th century? |
exorcism and death. |
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What was the demonic model of mental disorders? The medical model? |
attributed symptoms of mental disorders to evil spirits inhabiting the body. |
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What are some of the misconceptions of psychiatric diagnoses? |
that its nothing more than pigeon holing, that they are unreliable, that they are invalid, and stigmatize people.
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What is the criteria for a valid diagnosis? |
1. distinguishes one diagnoses from another. 2. predicts performance on lab tests. 3. predicts individuals natural history. 4. predicts family history of disorders. 5. predicts response to treatment.
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What is comorbidity? |
people with one diagnosis usually have another or more.
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What is involuntary commitment? |
Being put into an institution against your wishes.
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Use the behavioural model to explain depression. Use the cognitive model. Use the interpersonal model. |
- results from low rate of positive reinforcement. - caused by negative beliefs and expectations. - |
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What is generalized anxiety disorder? |
60% of the day worrying, anxious thoughts, irritability and on edge, trouble sleeping, and body tension and fatigue.
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What is panic disorder? |
alarm response when no danger.
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What is phobic disorder? |
fear focused on object or situation.
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What is OCD? |
intrusive thought, ritualized behaviour.
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What is PTSD? |
avoidance of thoughts/images of traumatic experience, response to stress is dysregulated.
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What is major depressive disorder? |
sadness, empty feeling, physical slowing.
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What is bipolar disorder? |
episode of mania - goal oriented, euphoria, followed by episode of depression.
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What is dissociative amnesia? |
sudden loss of memory for important personal info
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What is dissociative identity disorder? |
Co-existense of two or more personalities in one person.
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What is depersonalization disorder? |
feeling detached from oneself
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What is schizophrenia? |
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
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What is ADHD? |
attention deficit, hyperactivity, impulsivity.
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What is conduct disorder? |
violation of rules, disregard for others
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What is autism spectrum disorder? |
deficits in social reciprocity and communication, repetitive and restrictive behaviours.
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What are the key techniques used in psychoanalytic therapy? |
Free association, interpretation or explanation of the unconscious bases of the clients dreams, emotions, and behaviour, dream analysis, resistance, transference, and working through problems. |
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Give 3 types of professionals who provide psychological treatment? |
clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and mental health counselors.
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What does it mean for a treatment to be empirically supported? |
intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence.
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Describe potentially harmful therapies. |
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What are the types of behavioural therapy? Describe them. |
Systematic desensitization, flooding, participant modelling.
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What are the types of cognitive therapy? Describe them. |
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT : ABC's, Beck's cognitive therapy, Meichenbaum's stress inoculation therapy.
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According to Beck, are thoughts or emotions more important for determining why someone gets depression? |
Thoughts then emotions
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What are the traits of effective therapists? |
- warm and caring, - establish a positive relationship with client, - tend not to contradict clients, - focus on important topics, - match treatment to needs of client.
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What are the two types of insight therapies? |
psychoanalysis and humanistic/gestalt
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What are the basic assumptions of psychoanalytic therapy? What is the primary goal? What is the typical method of analysis? |
Behaviour is motivated by both unconscious and interpersonal experiences. Understand and improve interpersonal skills. Interpretation of transference and modification of client's inappropriate schemata about interpersonal relationships.
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What are the basic assumptions of humanistic and gestalt therapies? What is the primary goal? What is the typical method of analysis? |
People are good and have innate worth. To promote self-growth and actualization. Reduce incongruence throughreflection, empathy, unconditionalpositive regard, and techniques toenhance personal awareness andfeelings of self-worth.
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What is the basic assumption of behavioural therapies? What are the different kinds of behavioural therapies? What are some operant procedues? |
Behaviour is largely controlled by environmental contingencies. To change maladaptive behaviour. Manipulate environmental variables,restructure thinking patterns, andcorrect faulty thinking or irrationalbeliefs
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What is the basic assumption of cognitive-behavioural therapy? What are the three core beliefs? What are the kinds of cognitive therapies? |
Same as behavioural except that our behaviour is controlled by our perception(thoughts about) environmental contingencies. To change thinking patterns too. |
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What are some common factors across all therapies? |
emphatic listening, instilling hope, strong emotional bond, clear theoretical rationale for treatment, and implementing new techniques that offer new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. |
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What are the 5 reasons some therapies seem good but aren't? |
spontaneous remission, placebo effect, self-serving bias, regression to the mean, retrospective rewriting of the past.
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What are some medications for anxiety disorders? Depression? Mood stabilizing? Psychosis? Attention problems? |
benzodiazepines, beta blockers. Monoamineoxidase inhibitors, SSRIs. mineral salts, anticonvulsants. conventional antipsychotics. amphetamine, atomoxetine. |
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What are some of the side effects of medications? |
nausea, drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, impaired sexual performance, some increase distress, suicidal thoughts. |
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What are alternatives to therapy and medication? |
ECT and psychosurgery.
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What is the basic assumption for family therapy? What is the primary goal? What is the typical method of analysis?
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Problem relationships entail everyone involved. To discover how interactions influence problems in individual functioning. Analysis of patterns of family/couples. |