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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the paradox of progress?
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Even though we have come a long ways with technological advances, it does not mean that we are healthier or happier.
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What is the basic challenge of modern life?
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the search for meaning, a sense of direction, and a personal philosophy
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Psychobabble
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hip but hopelessly vague language that is used in many self help books "Just keep pushing forward!" (ill defined terminology or meaningless)
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What is wrong with self help books (4)
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1. Psychobabble
2. Profit over scientific soundness 3. No clear explicit directions 4. Self centered approach to life |
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Narcissism
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personality trait marked with inflated sense of importance, need for attention and admiration, sense of entitlement, and tendency to exploit others "It's all about me, don't worry about the consequences of others"
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What to look for with self help books (6)
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1. clarity
2. do not promise too much in immediate change. 3. Authors credentials 4. mention research for book 5. detailed directions 6. Specific (i.e. overeating vs. solving al of life's problems) |
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Psychology
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studies behavior and the physiological and mental processes that underlie it. Applies accumulated knowledge from science to practical problems
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Behavior
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Any observable response or activity by an organism
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Clinical Psychology
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Branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders
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Adjustment
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Adaption, psychological process through which people manage or cope with the demands and challenges of every day life.
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Empiricism
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The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation
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Independent variable
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condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable
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Dependent variable
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variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulations of the independent variable.
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Experiment
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research method in which the investigator manipulates the independent variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in the dependent variable.
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experimental group
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consists of the subjects who receive some treatment regarding the independent variable.
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Control group
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Consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.
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Correlation
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exists when two variables are relate3d to each other
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positive correlation
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two variables co-vary in the same direction
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negative correlation
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two variables that co-vary in the opposite direction
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Describe correlation number
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-1 or +1 is a strong correlation 0 is a weak correlation
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naturalistic observation
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a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects
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Case study
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in depth investigation of an individual subject
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Surveys
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Structured questionnaires designed to solicit information about specific aspects of participants behavior.
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Subjective well being
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Individuals personal assessments of their overall happiness or life satisfaction.
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What is not very important for happiness (6)
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1. Money
2. Age 3. gender 4. Parenthood 5. Intelligence 6. Physical Attractiveness MY, A GOOD PARENT IS PLEASENT |
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What is somewhat important for happiness? (4)
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1. Health
2. Social activity 3. religion 4. culture HELL SMELLS REALLY COOL |
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What is very important for happiness? (4)
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1. Love (marriage, relationship satisfaction)
2. Work 3. Genetics and 4. Personlity LOW WAGES GREAT PAYCHECK |
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Affective Forecasting
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Efforts to predict ones emotional reactions to future events
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Strong characteristics of happinesss
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EXTROVERSION, conscientiousness, agreeableness, self-esteem, and optimism.
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Hedonic Adaptation
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The mental scale that people use to judge the pleasantness - unpleasantness of their experiences shifts so that their neutral point or baseline for comparison is changed. Get a raise, get used to it, go to jail, get used to it, only happy or unhappy for a short time
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Develop sound study habits (3)
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1. Set up a schedule for studying
2. New environment where you can concentrate. 3. Reward |
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Over learning
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continued rehearsal of material after you have first appeared to master it.
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Mnemonic devices (5)
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Acrostics, acronyms, rhyming, link method, method of loci
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personality
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refers to an individuals unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits
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We use the idea of personality explain (2)
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consistency and distinctiveness
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Personality trait
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durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
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Factor analysis
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correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables.
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Big five modals of personality
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extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
EVERY NEW OCTOPUS EASY AND CUTE |
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Psychodynamic theories
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Include all the diverse theories descended from the work of sigmund freud that focus on unconcious mental forces (Also include Jung and Adler)
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Psychoanalysis
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Lengthy verbal interactions, unconscious forces govern human behavior, not masters of our own minds, shaped by sexual urges
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ID
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primitive, instinctive, pleasure principle
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Ego
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Decision making, reality principle
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Superego
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moral component, social standards, right and wrong
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Conscious
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whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time
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preconscious
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material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved
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unconscious
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thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface but have a great influence.
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Conflicts between the ID EGO AND SUPEREGO create
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Anxiety
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Defense mechanisms
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unconscious reactions that protect a person from painful emotions such as anxiety or guilt.
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Defense mechanisms (8)
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1. Repression
2. Projection 3. Displacement (diverting anger to a substitute subject) 4. reaction formation (opposite emotions) 5. regression 6. rationalization 7. Identification (bolsters self esteem, joins a imaginary or real alliance) 8. Sublimation (changes unacceptable impulses into social acceptable activities). REALLY PROUD DADS REACT REALLY RATIONALLY IN STRESS |
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Psychosexual stages
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Oral (0 to 1) -> Anal (2 to 3) -> phallic (4 to 5) -> Latency (6 to 12) -> Genital (puberty onward)
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Fixtation
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Freud - failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected.
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Oedipal complex
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Freud - Associated with the phallic stage, children manifest erotically tinged desires for their other sex parent accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same sex parent.
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Analytical psychology
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Carl Jung, Unconscious has two layers personal unconscious and collective unconscious
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Collective unconscious
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Jung - storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past that is shared with the entire human race
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Archetypes
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Jung - Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have
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Individual Psychology
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Alfred Adler - foremost human drive is not sexuality but striving for superiority. children often feel weak and helpless.
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Compensation
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Adler - efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiority by developing one's abilities
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Evaluating psychodynamic perspectives (3)
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Poor testability, inadequate evidence, sexism
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Classical Conditioning
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Pavlov - Type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
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Extinction
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Pavlov - gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
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Operant Conditioning
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Skinner - Form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. Repeat responses that are followed by favorable consequences
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Social Cognitive Theory
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Bandura - Cognitive flavor to behaviorism, social learning theory
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Observational learning
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occurs when an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
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Self-efficacy
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ones belief about one's ability to preform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. Confident.
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Evaluating behaviorist studies
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1. Dilution of behavioral research
2. Overdependent on animal research 3. Fragmentation of personality |
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Humanism
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theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique quality of humans, especially their free will and their potential for personal growth
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Humanistic theorists believe:
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1. Innate drive towards personal growth
2. freedom/not pawns of their environment 3. largely conscious and rational, not dominated by unconscious. |
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Person-centered Theory
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Carl Rogers - personal growth through sensitivity training, encounter groups, and other exercises.
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Self Concept
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Rogers - collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior. Mental picture of yourself.
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In congruence
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refer to the disparity between one's self concept and one's actual experience.
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Central cause of anxiety for rogers/ person centered theory
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experiences that threaten people's personal views of themselves.
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Theory of self actualization
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Maslow - focus on healthy personality not dwell on disorders (hierarchy of needs)
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Hierarchy of needs
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Self actualization theory - a systematic arrangement of needs according to priority in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.
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Need for self actualization
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Need to fulfill one's potential
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Evaluating humanistic perspectives (3)
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1. Poor testability
2. Unrealistic view of human nature 3. Inadequate evidence |
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Biological perspectives
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Hans Eysenck - personality is determined by a persons genes
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Heritability ratio
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estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance.
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Evolutionary Psychology
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Buss - (Big 5)examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations
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Evaluating biological perspectives
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1. problems with estimates of heredity influence
2. hindsight bias in evolutionary theory 3. Lack of adequate theory |
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Hindsight bias
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the common tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.
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Sensation seeking
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contemporary theory : generalized preference for low or high levels of sensory stimulation
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Terror management Theory
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Solomon, greenberg, and pyszcyzynski - explains why people need self esteem - collision of self preservation instinct and their awareness of inevitablity of death creates potential for anxiety alarm and terror. Culture saves us.
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