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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Behaviorists study...
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How a person's behavior is a direct result of environment -- particularly, the rewards and punishments in that environment.
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Define: Learning
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Change of behavior as a function of experience.
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Empiricism vs. Rationalism
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Empiricism - all knowledge comes from experience.
Rationalism - structure of the mind determines experience of reality. |
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Empiricism, according to Locke and Watson
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Locke - called baby's mind "tabula rasa," blank slate ready to be written on by experience.
Watson - can take any person and shape their experiences for them to be a doctor, lawyer, beggar, etc. *Little Albert Study |
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Define: Associationism
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Personality results from repeated associations of simple ideas.
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Define: Hedonism
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(1) We learn for two reasons: to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
(2) Provides the reason we do anything at all or the motivation for empiricism and associationism. |
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Hedonism & Utilitarianism
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A social philosophy; the best society provides happiness for the most people possible.
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Skinner proposed...(2)
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(1)That we should only locate causes of behavior in the observable.
(2) We can design environments to elicit better behavior. (Ultimately, no free will though.) |
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Learning (4 Types)
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(1) Habituation – a decrease in responsiveness with each repeated exposure to something; simple association.
(2) Classical conditioning – building on what is already there through association. (3) Operant conditioning – a complex process of learning; learning based on systems of rewards and punishments. (4) Observational learning – learning a behavior by watching someone else do it. |
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Learned helplessness:
(1) Fear vs. Anxiety (2) Definition (3) Characteristics |
(1) Fear - one knows what danger is and has reason to think it's impending.
Anxiety - one is not clear what the danger is or when it's coming. (2) Maladaptive behavioral pattern; A feeling that you have no control over the situation causing a problem. (3) View problems as *personal, *pervasive, and *permanent; Common in depression. |
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Reinforcement, Pos vs. Neg
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Occurrence after behavior to increase future repetition likelihood. (Hedonism says reinforcements should be good or valued.)
Positive - Addition (of good/valued item) to environment. Negative - Subtraction of bad from environment. |
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Punishment
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Occurrence after behavior to decrease repetition likelihood. (Hedonism says it must be bad.)
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Reinforcements and punishments form...
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Operant conditioning.
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Problems of Behaviorism? What addresses them?
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Ignores motivation, cognition, thought;
Based largely on animals; Ignores social dimension of learning; Treats organism as passive. (Dollard and Miller) Social learning (theory) addresses problems. |
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Habit Hierarchy
-Effect of Rewards/Punishments |
Most likely behaviors at the top of hierarchy. Least likely at bottom.
-Rearranges hierarchy. |
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Drives, Primary & Secondary
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State of psychological tension that feels good when reduced; a need (food) produces drive (hunger) that is pleasurable to reduce (eating).
Primary: Food, water, physical comfort, pain avoidance, sexual gratification. Secondary: Love, prestige, money, power, humiliation avoidance. |
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Drive Reduction Theory & Zero Need?
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There can be no reinforcement without the reduction of a drive.
True reinforcement is not attaining zero need; it's the (pleasurable) movement from a state of higher need to lower need. |
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Frustration-aggression Hypothesis
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John Dollard and Neal Miller say the natural, biological impulse when being blocked from goal, or frustrated, is anger.
They borrow from Freud: Displacement causes the misdirection of the anger. |
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Key Assumptions (5) |
(1) Increase in drive strength influences approach or avoidance.
(2) In conflict, choice with greater drive strength wins. (3) Tendency to approach positive goals increases as close in. (4) Same for avoidance and negative goals. (5) Number 4 is stronger than 3. Thus, avoidance curve is steeper. |
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Julian Rotter's Social Learning Theory, Specific & Generalized Expectancies
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Expectancy Value Theory - (1) behaviors are influenced by presence and perception/size/etc of reinforcements; (2) also influenced by belief about results of behavior. These make up expectancies.
Specific - Belief that certain behavior + certain environment = specific outcome. Generalized - Belief about the degree of influence your behaviors have on outcomes; People with low gen exp likely lethargic and depressed, high gen exp likely energetic and motivated. |
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Locus of Control
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Internal = High gen exp
External = Low gen exp |
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Rotter ...>... Albert Bandura's Efficacy Expectations, Therapy
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Similar, but Bandura's EE is a more self-directed belief -- whether or not you can DO something in the first place. Am I capable? My answer affects my behavior.
Should be used in therapy. (Ex: If you believe you can, then you will do it. If you do it, life is more rational and productive.) |
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Reciprocal Determinism
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Relationship between self <> behavior <> environment.
Means that (despite humanism) actions/personality not just from the mind or (despite behaviorism) just from the world. |
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Learning Approach to Personality: Conclusions
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(1) Established as objective science with theoretical reasoning, data-supported evidence, well designed experiments.
(2) Better than any approach at realizing behavior can depend upon environment, even specific, present situation. (3) Established technology for behavioral change. [See Examples slide next.] |
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Learning > Behavioral change technology, Examples (2)
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Applied Behavioral Analysis - study and manipulate functional relationship between environment and behavior. Seen in education (autism treatment), organizations, sports psychology.
Cognitive-Behavioral therapy - applies learning approach to treatment of depression, phobias, addictions, emotional/behavioral disorders. |
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Learning Approach Limitations
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Technology works in the short run; in the long run, not so clear/true.
We are more complicated than simple classical conditioning. Differences in characteristics can mean different reactions to same situation. (Rotter kinda acknowledges this with locus). Thoughts, memories, fantasies, comparison, evaluation, and decision making play a factor. Behavior is hard to change; people normally stay who they are. |
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Personality processes (4)
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Perception
Thought Motivation Emotion |
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Priming & Chronic Accessibility
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Priming - activation of concept/idea by perceiving/thinking about it.
CA - tendency of concept/idea to come to mind. Concepts high on CA become part of personality. |
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Subliminal Conditioning & Perceptual Defense
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At subliminal level, a fear response can be elicited.
Perceptual Defense - ego tries to prevent stimuli that superego finds offensive from entering awareness. |
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Consciousness, STM
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Short-Term Memory view of Consciousness: What is in the mind momentarily?
-Limited to seven "chunks." -Chunks are units of info. -Like Freud, consciousness is very limited. |
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Funder's 5th Law
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The purpose of education is to assemble new chunks.
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Damasio: Three Selves
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Inverted pyramid.
(Top) Autobiographical Self: Coherent picture of our history; narrative with past and anticipated future; medial prefrontal regions. (Middle) Core Self: Interaction of organism with object; dialogue between brain stem and cerebral cortex; sense of here and now devoid of historical perspective; awareness of the moment (Bottom) Proto Self: Basic sense of having a body; brain stem; feeling of existing; without it we can not be conscious |
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Unconscious Thoughts
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We do things without knowing why much of the time
Zajonc = We prefer objects that we have seen subliminally Subliminal presentation of affective sentences affects emotion “Mommy and I are one” Remember LeDoux Consciousness emerges from unconscious biological processes |
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Dual Process Models
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There are simultaneous mental processes. Conscious thought is slower.
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Seymour Epstein's CEST
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Cognitive-experiential self-theory.
Rational system (new evolutionarily) for language, logic, knowledge. Resembles Freud's secondary process thinking. Experiential (older, closer to animals and prehuman ancestors) tied to emotion. Resembles Freud's primary process thinking. |
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Goals, Idiographic, Misc.
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Ends ppl desire.
Idiographic - unique to the ppl who pursue them. Need both implicit and explicit goals for happiness. Goals function independently. |
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Nomothetic goals, Examples
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Essential ends that most ppl desire.
McClelland’s three primary motivations: needs for achievement, affiliation, and power Emmon’s five: enjoyment, self-assertion, esteem, interpersonal success, avoidance of negative affect Two: work and social interaction |
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Circumplex
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Top: Self-Transcendence
Left: Extrinsic | Right: Intrinsic Bottom: Physical Self |
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Judgment & Development Goals
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J - seek to validate a quality.
D - seek to improve a quality. Development minded ppl try again (mastery oriented behavior) after failure. J related to entity theory, the view of the world/things w/o changeable parts. D related to incremental. |
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Emotions vs. Mood
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Emotion - complex feeling-state involving conscious experience, internal and overt physical responses influencing behavior.
Emotions are procedural knowledge, like bike-riding, its meaning is in action and experience -- not words. Mood is a more diffuse, mild, and longer-lasting emotional episode. |
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Emotional Circumplex
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Top: Aroused
Left: Negative | Right: Positive Bottom: Unaroused X Alarmed | Excited Bored | Serene |
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5 Basic Emotions
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Anger
Sadness Hope Anxiety Guilt |
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Broaden-and-Build
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Happy ppl use sitch as foundation, not something that needs to be fixed.
Use 4 resources: Physical Social Intellectual Psychological |
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William James: The Two Selves
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"I" is the watcher or the light that reveals.
"Me" is the content or what shows up in the light. |
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Culture Bits
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50% of US describe acq with traits. Only 20% of Indians.
US have more emotional experiences. Japanese more collectivist. |
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Declarative vs. Procedural Self
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D - facts
P - actions/style. Includes *relational and *implicit elements. |
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Self-Reference & Memory
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LT memory is enhanced by relating info to self.
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Torry Higgins 3 Self Schemas
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Actual
Ideal Ought |
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Ideal & Ought, Depression & Anxiety
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If ideal (chase reward) failure = depression = disappointment.
If ought (avoid punishment) failure = anxiety = fear. |
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Procedural Self
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Implicit - not conscious
Relational - how you are with ppl in ur life. IAT - Implicit Assoc Test High self-esteem - more assoc of "good" and "me". Weakly related to declarative. Shyness - Declarative and procedural are opposite. |
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Personality Disorders, Defining Them (5)
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1. Problematic (Indy)
2. Unusual 3. Social Impairment (Relat) 4. Stable (Axis 1 episodic) 5. Often Ego-Syntonic (nothing wrong perceived) vs. Dystonic |
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Axis
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I - pathologies
II - personality III - physical IV - environmental V - functioning overall [One path, a person, walks, outside, works.] |
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Clusters A, B, C
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Cluster A: Oddity and eccentric behaviors
- Paranoid - Schizoid - Schizotypal Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic - Histrionic - Narcissistic - Borderline - Antisocial Cluster C: Anxious and fearful - Avoidant - Dependent - Obsessive-compulsive |
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Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric
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Paranoid - suspicious, disloyalty, women prevalent.
Schizoid - socially disinterested, equally prevalent. Schizotypal - theories, superstitious, strange ideas, socially awk. Male prevalent. -Related to schizophrenia: genetics, eye-tracking deficits, cog/attn def. |
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Cluster B: Drama, emotion.
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Histrionic - attn seeking, sexual, opinionated, shallow.
Narcissistic - self-love, unrealistic goals, "special" friends, need lots of admiration (fragile), ego syntonic. Borderline - instable, mood shifts, anger, self-hurting. -75% female. -Assoc with abuse. -Comorbid Axis I -5-HTTLPR allele -Dialectical Behavior Therapy (mindfulness, emotion reg, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness) |
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Cluster B (cont).
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Antisocial - reckless, impulsive, starts in childhood.
-Like Psychopathy, but P has lack of remorse. -70-80% inmates Antisocial -25% Psychopaths, major indicator of recidivism |
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Cluster C: Anxious, Fearful
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Avoidant - introverted, fear, need reassurance, but want to be with ppl.
Dependent - Lack motivation, needy, don't initiate, no self-confidence. OCPD - perfectionism at sake of rationality, rules, stubborn. Most common. Responds to antidep. Unlike OCD, it is ego-syntonic. |