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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define psychology.
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Known as the father of psychology. wrote the first text book and the first school of thought, Structuralism.
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Define structuralism.
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the focus on breaking down mental processes in the most basic component.
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William James
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First american psychologist. his first school of thought is functinalism.
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Define functionalism.
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the focus of mental processes as a whole.
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Edward Titchener
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Wundt's student
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Sigmund Freud
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father of psychoanalysis
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John Watson
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founder of behaviorism
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B. F. Skinner
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his work had profound influence in behaviorism.
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Perspectives of psychology
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1. biological
2. psychodynamic 3. behavioral 4. humanistic 5. cognative 6. cross-cultural 7. evolutionary |
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Biological perspective
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study of the physiological mechanism in the brain and nervous system that organize and control behavior.
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Focuses of biological psychology
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1. individual neurons
2. areas of the brain 3. specific functions like eating, emotion, or learning |
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Psychodynamic perspective
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emphasizes on the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior.
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Behavior perspective
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focuses on learned behavior:
1. classical conditioning (Pavlov and Watson) 2. operant conditioning (Skinner) 3. observational learining (Bandura) |
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Humanistic perspective
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empheasis on the role of motivation on thought and behavior. influence greatly by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
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Cognitive perspective
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how knowledge is acquired, orginized, remembered, and used to guide behavior.
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Cross-Cultural perspective
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researchers looking at human behaviors accross different cultures.
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Evolutionary perspective
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the study of how evolution explains physiological processes,. they aid in survival and reproduction.
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Goals of psychology
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1. describe
2. explain 3. predict 4. control (influence) |
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Basic research
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to increase scientific knoledge base, and to find theoretical truth and understanding.
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Applied research
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for the purpose of solving practical problems and improving the quality of life.
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Scientific method
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1. formulate testable questions
2. design study to collect data 3. analyze data 4. report results |
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Theory
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tenative explainations for observed findings
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Descriptive research methods
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1. naturalistic observation
2. laboratory observation 3. case study 4. survey research |
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Naturalistic observation
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obersvation and record of behavior in it's natural form
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Laboratory observation
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observation and record of behavior in a lab (more controlled)
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Case study
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a depth study with one or a few participants to provide a descrption of behavior or disorder.
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Survey research
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interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information
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Experiments
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direct way to test a hypothesis about a cause and effect between factors
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Independent variable
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controlled by the experimentor
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dependent variable
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the other is observed and measured
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experimental group
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group exposed to the independent variable and treatment
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control group
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same as experimental group, without being exposed to the independent variable
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correlation method
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to establish the relationship between two characteristics, events or behaviors
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correlation coefficient
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numerical value the indicates strength and direction of the relationship (always between -1.00 and +1.00)
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