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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Work on expectancy-values and how our beliefs and values affect our actions was developed under the ___ approach to understanding motivation.
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Incentive
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Incentive
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positive or negative stimuli in the environment. motivates us to act.
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After dinner, Mitchell feels full and satisfied. a few later, he gets up off the couch, heads to the kitchen and grabs a candy bar. His anticipation of the delicious taste of chocolate was his ___ for choosing to eat even though he was full.
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Incentive
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Arousal
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state of physical and mental alertness
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motivation
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a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
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Instinct
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unlearned complex behavior with a fixed pattern throughout a species.
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Maslows hierarchy of needs
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Theory developed out of the humanistic approach to understanding motivation
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Lazarus cognitive mediation theory
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emphasizes the importance of cognitive appraisal. this theory suggests that cognitive appraisal of a stimulus must take place before the emotional arousal and response.
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The Yerkes-Dodson law
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states that performance peaks with a moderate level of arousal
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the expectancy-value theory
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defines satisfaction as an individual's sense of achieving a certain outcome based on their expectations
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Chris is in his twenties and has completed college; he has satisfied his curiosity about other cultures with a trip around the world when he graduated. According to Maslow, which needs might he work to satisfy next.
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Aesthetic Needs
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The motivation approach in which behavior is explained in terms of the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
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Incentive Approach
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Drive
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psychological tension and physical arousal created when the is a need that motivates the organism to act ib order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.
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self-actualization
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a complete feeling of self-acceptance and a awareness of fulfilling ones unique potential
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Drive Reduction theory proposes that
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Humans seek homeostasis, motivating them to achieve balance when a need arises
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The theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action is the
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Self determination theory
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The approach to understanding motivation that is based solely on the belief in the need for stimulation is the ____ approach
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Arousal
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Dwecks theory of motivation
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Theory of motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action
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Why is it that there are two different curves to describe our optimal level of arousal on a curve illustrating the Yerkes-Dodson law
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Because our optimal level of arousal is mediated by the difficulty of the task being undertaken with levels being higher on easy tasks and lower on difficult tasks
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Insulin
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Hormone secreted by the pancreas that signals hunger by lowering blood sugar levels
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Glucose
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Blood sugar; when levels rise, insulin reduces them
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Glucagons
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Hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
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Leptin
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Hormone that may play a role in controlling how hungry an individual feels
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Not a factor that creates obesity
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A raised metabolism as people age
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Factors that can lead to obesity
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1.Heredity
2.Overeating 3.Problems with body's lepton production |
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Metabolism
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Physical or chemical processes that the body uses to convert or use energy
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Severe tooth decay, erosion of the esophagus, potassium, calcium imbalances, damage to tge intestinal tract, heart problems, fatigue, and seizures, are all severe consequences of _____
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Bulimia nervosa
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Bulimia nervosa
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a condition in which a person develops a cycle of overeating; followed by the use of inappropriate methods (such as vomiting or laxative) to avoid weight gain.
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Anorexia nervosa
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condition in which a person weighs 15% less than their ideal or expected body weight
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Binging
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Not a consequence of effect of bulimia, it is one of the actions that causes the side effects. It is the consumption of excessive amounts of food.
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Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by the ____ to control the levels of fats, carbohydrates, and protiens in the whole body
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pancreas
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The us has the highest rate of obesity in the world because ___ of its population is obese
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1/3
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The rate at which the body burns energy while resting is the ____
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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Weight Set Point
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The level of weight that the body tries to maintain
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Body Mass Index (BMI)
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is a measure derived from a person's height and weight, designed to indicate if a person is overweight or underweight
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An example of a social component of hunger
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A girl feels lonely so she eats an extra helping of dessert to cheer her up
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Social Components of Hunger
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Includes social cues for when meals are to be eaten, cultural customs and food preferences, and the use of food as a comfort device or as an escape from the unpleasantness
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Role of the lateral hypothalamus
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To trigger the eating response when insulin levels go up. secretes hormone orexin.
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Orexin
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Brings on a feeling of hunger. Orexogenic response
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Role of Ventromedical Hypothalamus
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Stop the eating when the glucose levels go up
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Vetromedical Hypothalamus
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Suppresses hunger and sends out anorexogenic signals that stop an animal from eating
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Term heterosexual refers to a person's ____
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sexual orientation
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Sexual Orientation
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an enduring sexual attraction toward members of the same sex, other sex, or both
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what did Alfred Kinsey believe about sexual orientation
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he believed that sexual orientation falls on a continuum with same people falling at either extreme and same falling in the middle
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Which is the shortest phase of the sexual response cycle
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Orgasm
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Orgasm Phase
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a series of rhythmic contractions of the muscles of the vaginal walls or the penis, third and shortest phase of sexual response
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Excitement Phase
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The 1st phase of the sexual response cycle. This stage can last from a few minutes to a few hours
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Plateau Phase
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Second phase of the sexual response cycle
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Resolution
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Fourth Phase of the sexual response
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Masters and Johnson are known for research concerning _____
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The physical response that occurs during sexual activity
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Sexual Dysfunction
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A problem with sexual functioning or the actual physical workings of the sex act and can be caused by a number of factors
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Organic Factors
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Affecting sexual functioning include physical problems or stress. They can affect sexual interests, arousal, and response
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Physiological Factors
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Affecting sexual functioning included problems such as low self-esteem, anxiety, self-consciousness or previous sexual abusive experiences
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Paraphilia
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a condition where a person's arousal and gratification depends on fantasizing or engaging in sexual behavior that is atypical
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True about the resolution phase if the sexual response cycle
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woman can still experience an orgasm
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A study conducted by Kitayama & Markus showed that Japanese students associated emotion of happiness with feelings of friendliness and social engagement. The study demonstrated an aspect of processing emotion in a ____ culture
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Collectivistic
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Part of brain associated with emotion. Responsible for detecting emotions in the facial expressions of others. Critical for experiencing fear. Part of the Limbic system and is essential for unconscious emotional responses such as fight or flight response
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Amygdala
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Located in the base of the brainstem and the forebrain. it plays a significant role in regulating many central drive systems.
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Hypothalamus
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Cerebral Cortex
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an outer part of the brain that is mainly involved in the coordination of sensory and motor movement
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Cerebellum
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Part of the brain that coordinates muscle movement and maintains equilibrium. it is involved in conditioning and forming procedural memories and habits relates to movement.
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An adaptation of Charles Darwin's theory that when an emotion is expressed freely on the face, the emotion intensifies
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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Proposes that the physiological experience of heart pounding or tears flowing causes you to feel afraid or sad
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James-Lange theory
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States that a stimulus leads to an emotional reaction which in turn produces arousal
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Common-Sense theory
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element of emotions
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Physical Arousal
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Schachter-Singers cognitive arousal theory (2 factor theory)
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Cognitive evaluation happens alongside a persons physiological arousal to create the emotion he or she experiences
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The mental and physiological components of emotion happen simultaneously
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The cannon-bard theory of emotion
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Part of the brain involved in the interpretation of facial expressions conveying emotion
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Right Hemisphere
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